A scientific paradigm is the set of assumptions, principles, and methods that define the science of an era. It's what establishes "normal science" and "fringe" or "pseudo" science. A paradigm needs to be elastic enough to accommodate new scientific discoveries and comprehensive enough to explain most of how the world works. [English biologist Rupert] Sheldrake ... refers to our current scientific paradigm as "mechanistic materialism," which is characterized by three main elements. First, everything can be reduced to some smaller component tissues are made of cells, which are made of molecules, which are made of atoms. Second, everything in the world is physical or "real." Third, and most importantly, this physical matter is unconscious and purposeless. Sheldrake argues that our current paradigm can no longer ignore two things. First, dark matter and dark energy. As he puts it, "So we've now reached the point where 95% of reality is supposed to be dark matter and energy, about which we know nothing and for which there's not a shred of independent evidence ... Ninety-five percent of reality is nothing like the physics you learned about at school, in physics classes, or that people study at university." Second, is the presence of consciousness. How can consciousness exist in an entirely unconscious paradigm? Sheldrake suggests we need "a larger, more inclusive model of reality, which includes these anomalies" rather than ignoring them. He proposes ... that the so-called "laws of nature" be seen "more like habits, and that they've evolved along with nature," instead of being fixed constants imposed at the moment of the Big Bang. This means shifting .. to "a more holistic approach of seeing things at different levels of organization," and where "consciousness is a fundamental reality," not just "an illusion produced by brain activity." Rather than continuing to "sweep under the carpet 95% of reality," Sheldrake argues for expanding the scope of science to include the study of consciousness, memory in nature, and other excluded phenomena " while remaining grounded in empirical research.