AL- P- 72 -73 4@, JUNE 1972 UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH IN MONITORING2 LIV I N G P LANTS APPROVED BY STAF I 9 7 2 Leadership 5 in Science 2 9 ALBUQUERQUE DIVISION Y E y GOVERNMENT COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS GROUP &Technolog E L. &INC 9.13 GRADOWAY DRIVE S E ALBUGLJC-IMGLJE. N CONTENTS Page CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION .......... 1.1 General Background ......... 1.2 Summary of Proposed Areas of Investigation. 1-2 2 1.2.:l Crop Control System ............ 1-2 1* 2.2 Early Warning of Natural Disasters. .1 2 10 2.3 Communication System - Plant to Man ............ 1-3 1.2.4 Intruder Alarm Sys2tem .... 1-3 ,F.. 1.2.5 Psychology Tool and Mental Illness Monitor ...... O..* ....... 1-3 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION .......... 2-1 Introduction ............ 2.1 2 2-1 2. 2 Investigation Steps .................... 2-1 CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON PLANT ELECTRONICS .............. ........... 3-1 CHAPTER 4 TIME AND COST ESTIMATES FOR PLANT ELECTRONICS .2..... 4-1 CHAPTER 5 EG&G AND ALBUQUERQUE DIVISION BACKGROUND ........... 0 .............. 5-1 5.1 Corporate History ........ 5-1 5 2 Albuquerque Division 2 Organization ........ 5-2 5.3 Albuquerque Division Directorates ........ 5-4 5.3.1 Engineering Directorate 5-4 5. 3. 2 Programs Directorate.... .... 5-7 5.3.3 Administration and Finance 2 Directorate ...... 5-7 APPENDIX A RESUMES ....... ...... oA-1 41 0 0 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 5-1 EG&O Corporate Organization ....... ....... 5-3 5 2 Albuquerque Division Organization ................ 5-5 77 7 CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND In 1966, a polygraph expert, Mr. Cleve Backster, tested a plant with a polygraph to see if he could get an indicationof water rate absorption by the plant. Instead, he got a reaction on the s2trip chart record similar to a an under stress. Highly intrigued, Mr. the readout obtained from hum Backster soon discovered that the plant responded to his thoughts. The ming the plant was sufficient to trigger a violent reaction that thought of har was clearly registered by the polygraph. Mr. Backster's c2ontinuing studies have indicated that further research in this area may open up some interesting and beneficial applications. Much of this early research has been directed toward finding out more about the nature of the communication response from plants. Mr. Frank Wilcoxson of EG&G has performed initial research in this area to the extent that he and EG&G researchers beli2eve that some very beneficial practical applications of the principles already discovered are possible even before the nature of the communication phenomena are fully defined. Therefore, based on their 'initial research, EG&G is sub- mitting this proposal to explore some:of the more promising practical appli- he areas proposed for r2esearch are listed here for summary cations. T purposes and discussed in more detail later.. (1) Crop control system (2) Natural disaster early warning system (3) Communication system - plant to man (4) Intruder alarm system (5) Psychology tool a9nd mental illness indicator. Investigation of these areas appears feasible at this time based on research performed by Mr. Frank Wilcoxson of EG&G and as reported in the literature. A bibliography of this literature is provided at the end of this chapter. A brief discussion of prior research is included here as it pertains to each proposed area of investigation. 1.2 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED AREAS OF INVESTIGATION 1.2.1 Crop Control System An article in the Soviet Newspaper Pravda dated 12 October 1966 describes the basic elements of a "crop control" system. The crop control investigation proposed here is similar to the one described and referred to as "things to come n the article, 2 The technique involved is to select various crop plants such as matoes, wheat, etc., and remove a number of the plants to a con- corn, to trolled environment. The plants will be grown under nearly identical condi- tions until they reach a monitorable size. The plants in the controlled environme nt can then be electronically monitored un2der varied conditions of nutrients, environment, etc., to determine the ideal conditions based on The data derived can then be used to improve soil or other plant response. conditions for the entire crop. Similar setups could be arranged for insect and disease treatment and control. The data derived could be fed into a m2puter to derive the value of various computer memory bank enabling the co nutrients and conditions. Since plants have been shown to be responsive to human presence, the data would have to be taken by remote monitoring and simple automatic triggering systems, There is also the prospect that enough data on crop control could 2 be accumulated during the first six months of a study to verify a crop control hypothesis, and the remaining six months of a one-year study could be devoted to a natural disaster warning concept research. This concept will be dis- cussed next. 1. 2.2 Earl-y Warning of Natural Disasters (Earthquakes, Avalanches etc) The objective here is to find plants most receptive t2o that natural ning system that directs birds and animals to leave areas that will be war affected by such disasters long before the event actually occurs. As indicated in the bibliography, this exodus from such areas has been observed many times. Once the plants that are most receptive to this warning system are found, the development bf long-life monito9ring equipment can be accomplished as well as the design of systems used to tie the plant response data into a regional or national alert system. -2 1.2.3 Communication System - Plant to Man In' ial testing of the crop control system and natural disaster it wa rning system requires the elimination of close proximity contact between man and plant, The investigation of this communication system will require as fa2r as the monitoring of plant and man smultaneously and the exclusion is possible) of all disturbances. -to-plant tie of some sort must be investigated This concept of a man thoroughly, and the investigator will be challenged to find answers as to ho to conduct this investigation in the best way. 1. 2.4 Intruder Alarm2 System Mr. Wilcoxson of EG&G has found that some plants will respond to the presence of strangers or intruders at distances up to 30 feet. This application seems highly feasible at this time. Here again, however, the optimum plant for the system must be found and checked for longevity of response life, etc. -this plant must then be tied to a long-life electronic 2 system capable of triggering an alarm of some type. 1. 2.5 sychology Tool and Mental Illness Monitor As reported in the literature by Mr. Backster and verified by Mr. Wilcoxson of EG&G plant response to human emotions is fairly well established. This principle could possibly be tied td the field of psychology nd may be helpful in work related to the mentally ill and possi2bly with a mentally disturbed children. This particular area wou d require a great deal of research with both plants and patients and, at this time, would appear to be an area to be investigated slowly and thoroughly. ff the plant served no other purpose other than to identify a person who is mentally ill, at a very early stage in that illness, then the resea4rch effort would be well spent. 1-3 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bacon Thorn; "The Man Who Reads Nature's Secret Signals, 11 National Wildlife, February/March 1969; 4-8. 2. Backste Cleve; Int r, rnal of Parapsychology, 2 ernational Jou Winter 1968; 329-348. 3. Robbin Janice and Charies;"StaAling New Research from the Man Who Talks to Plantstl National Wildlife,. October/ November 1971; 21-24. 4* Lawrence, L. G.; "Electronics and the Living Plant, Electronics World2 October 1969. 5. Shuvaton, L., trans.; "The Powerful Li-Iliputian, Pravda No. 285, 12 October 1966; pg. 3; Foreign Te chnology Division USAF AD678622 FTD-HT-23-1161-67. 6. Wilcoxson, F. W.; Plant Response Data Old and New, EG&G 7 Report No. 1; 1 April 1972 1-4 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 2.1 INTRODUCTION One must keep in mind that the field of investigation addressed in this proposal is, in essence, a new scientific area that will initially require establishment of a basic standard measurement or data gathering system. 2 This will include the development of measuring techniques dependent on the specific area of investigation. Investigation may reveal that electrode to electrode measurements w he exploration of the communication field desc ill perform well in t ribed. A method of recording changes in the light passin2g characteristics of leaves may be more useful in the crop control system, etc. Assuming that mag netic charges occur in plants, measurement of this parameter may prove to be of great value. l@efore any one area can be fully explored researchers must con- firm that data is repeatable, that available instrumentation is adequate, and that measurem2ents are not being influenced by external electrical noise. -The most active or receptive plants must be found and their useful time limits established. Some plants show a tendency to stop responding to cer- tain stimulation after repeated exposure to the same stimulant day after day. Standards must be derived that can be used for direct comparison with plant data obtained i2n the lab. The basics for this new area must be established. Once this has been accomplished, specific areas of practical value can be investigated. 2. 2 INVESTIGATION STEPS The steps for establishing the basic investigation procedures and standards are outlined below: (1) various electronic probe s9ystems will be tested in order to verify their value in the response studies and determine their shortcomings. This will include electrodes light sensors magnetic sensors, etc. 2-1 (2) Electronic components will be tested for drift and suscep- tibility to noise. These components must be capable of operation over long time spans.' (3) Probes and, electronic components will be assembled as a -tested for drift, noise, etc. unit and re 2 (4) Plants will be selected and tested for response to stimulation of various kinds. (5) Preliminary tests will be run to determine repeatability of response to various stimulation. (6) The best combination of plant probe, and electronic com- ponents can then be used to start2 the data gathering proce- dures. (7) In addition to plant output data, environmental conditions will be recorded. This data will include temperature, hu dity, barometric pressure plant diets, soi.1 conditions ml (acid, neutral, or alkaline), etc. 2 (8) To ensure maximum protection from outside electrical inter- ference all testing should be conducted in a screen room located within the hothouse. Assurance of data validity: (a) All test equipment will be subjected to calibration runs immediately prior to and after all test rims. (b) All test equipment will be checked for noise pickup at least every two weeks. (c) All test equipment will be calibrated every 30 days to ensure that no erroneous readings are introduced into the data due to incorrect equipment handling and/or adjustments. All critical data8 gathering equip- ent adjustment points will be sealed after calibration. m 2-2 CHAPTER 3 KNOWLEDGE ON PLANT ELECTRONICS SUMMARY OF CURRENT Mr. Cleve Backster first became aware of the plant electronics phenomena on February 2, 1966. He w as testing a plant with a polygraph machine to see if he. could ge2t an indication of rate of water absorption by the plant and got a reaction (on the strip chart record) similar to the graphical readout obtained for a human when under stress. Mr. Backster was first to note plant reaction to human thought and emotion, first to tie plant response to the death of brine shrimp, etc., and is presently, as far as can be ascertained, investigating the possibil2ity of a cell-to-cell communication system and the possibility that memory, etc., may exist at the cel-I level. He has made many plant experiments, including using a plant to point out a student who destroyed another- plant in the same room; the student was selected by the plant.from five possible choir-es.. Mr. Backster is also attempting to teach p2lants to recognize objects, and he has recorded the response of one egg when another was broken. An article by @ Mr. L. G. Lawrence listed in the bibliography in Chapter 1 describes various systems for monitoring plant reactions via electronic and other means and describes some of the work done by Mr. Backst2er. He also verifies the plant memory theory and points out another way of training plants by the use of electric shock. An article appeared in the Soviet newspaper, Pravda,, that describes the basic ingredients for a crop control system similar to that described in this proposal. The author of that article would have one believe that the article was a prediction of things to come. However, it is2 highly possible that the article describes an existing test facility. Other so-Lirces of data are available, but extremely hard to get since investigators are reluctant to disclose data that is not yet complete. Mr. Wilcoxson of EG &G has verified some of W. Backster's data and also looked-at areas not covered in the known published data as follows: 1 3-1 Questions have been presented to plants by simply thinking of these questions and recording the plant's reaction on a e was to try to establish strip chart recorder. The object her a "yes" or no and/or "O to 1" state by human mental stimu- 2 lation of the test plant. No "yes" or flnolt response could be -to this established as the plant's reaction human mental stimulation resulted in a complex waveform. A different waveform was recorded for each different question presented to the plant. The test plants res2ponded to 56 percent of the questions presented. (2) While running a test on a cactus plant, an erratic fuU swing to the left was noted and subsequent investigation of the immediate test area revealed that a stranger had approached the test area and departed without letting his presence be 2known to the test area occupants. This test was repeated a week later and four such close passages of strangers to the test area were recorded. Two of the four indicated tres- ot be verified. passes were verified and two could n (3) An attempt to run tests on several previously responsive2 plants failed when testing was conducted durino, a severe what wind storm. The test plants would not settle down to had been previously observed to be a normal state on the records. After the storm, normal response was resumed. (4) An e2yewitness has been found that has described a test run on a tree in the vicinity of a snow slide in Colorado two or three years ago. The witness indicated that analysis of the data obtained showed a definite disturbance in the tree's response curve that started two hours before the snow slide occurred and returned to normal after4 the slide was over, The test tree was about 600 yards from the slidd area. 3-2 (6) Tests run on wild bird eggs indicated a response to thoughts of breaking the egg. This curve was identical to that obtained on a plant under threat except that it was opposite in polarity. (7) Mr. Wilcoxson has started testing tomato plants on a varied diet basis as des7cribed previously in this proposal. 3-3 CHAPTER 4 TIME AND COST ESTIMATES FOR PLANT ELECTRONICS The. materials cost and labor figures shown below are based on a concentrated one year research effort. Labor $51,293.00 Consultants $20 3822.00 Botanist Psychologist Chemist .Materials $192817.00 Hothouse and associated equipment Electronics equipment Plants, planting materials 2 Misc. cables, connectors, etc. Total: $91,492.00 noted that the material cost would apply to the entire program as It should be an initial expense. The labor figures could encompass a two-year, one-half time effort etc. Some data related to the natural disaster early warning system 2 would probably be forthcoming during this initial effort due to the fact that the Albuquerque area, where testing would be conducted, is subject to earth tremors, severe electrical storms, and occasional severe wind storms. There is also the prospect that enough data on crop control could be accumulated during the first six test months to verify the crop control syst2em hypothesis, and that the remaining six months could be devoted to the disaster warning concept research. Extensive testing of the disaster Nvarnin- system would require field testing, more elaborate electronics equipment, and e@,,tensive travel time. Investigators would also expect to derive some data related to the man-to-plant communication 5theories stated. This would be a natural side product of the test records. Complete investicoration of this communication aspect would require a separate program utilizin- much more refined elec- tronics test equipment and more elaborate facilities. 4-1 CHAPTER5 G AND ALBUQUERQUE DIVISION BACKGROUND EG& 5.1 CORPORATE HISTORY In 1947, the MIT-based partnership of Edgerton, Germeshausen a and Grier (EG&G) formed2 company to continue classified research, develop- ment, and instrumentation work previously perlor ed under their direc m tion for the Manhattan Project. For the first few years, the company was pri- marily a contractor to government agencies, providing timing and firing control, 2diagnostic instrumentation systems, and field operational support. The company now is diversified into commercial electronics, oceanography, instrumentation operations, and other specialized technology, in many parts of the world. It specializes in the sophisticated instrumentation needed for today's technology, both in connection with other projects and separate2ly. Eniironment monitoring systems have been set up with computer controlled functions and complete meteorological data gathering and processing systems have been fielded and are being operated by EG&G. Other weather modifica- tion programs, includingcloudseedingandfogdispersal,havebeenperformed.. Upon enter2ing the commercial products market, EG&G first pro- duced new versions of electronic flash tubes and flash equipments developed years earlier by the partnership. Next were standard ceramic-metal hydro- gen thyratrons and rectifiers, and special-purpose instruments for ultra- hitrh-speed measurements. An airborne instrumentation system was produced 2 for the Air Force and this was followed by a great number of special projects rancrinc., from electromagnetic pulse simulation to laser scanning systems. Dr. Harold E.- -Edgerton's personal interest in underwater photog- raphy led to the development of cameras and light sources for ocean-bottom research and exploration. The long standing pro2blem of positioning cameras and lights at a known distance above the bottom of the ocean was solved by developing a compact, accurate *Sonar pinger system. This was soon followed by the development of powerful acoustic transducers for ocean-bottom pro- file survey work. EG &G underwater equipment is extensively used in searches for sunken ships, submarines, etc. 8 For example, EG&G equipment located the subniarine Thresher, and rece ntly was used to locate a sunken frei-liter in the Gulf of Mexico. The company's growth was steady during the late 1950's and early 1960's. The small, commercial products and oceanographic business, plus a tochnolo,-ical backlog built up over the years, provi2ded a sound base for accelerated (Trowth and increased diversification. Company resources were applied to the development of new pro- ducts and an advanced technological capability in the fields in which it had an established position-. high-energy pulse discharge components and sys- teiiis, ultra-fast measurements, el2ectronic flash components and systems, nuclear instrumentation, and oceanography. Company-funded research and development was a key element in the expansion (see Figure 5-1). Today, EG&G is a multi-element company with broad technical capabilities and business interests. Research and development, instrumen- tation system desig2n, engineering service work and manufacturing encbm- pass the fields of physi cs, electronics optics, nuclear science, and com ter PU sciences. In the non-government business areas, EG&G companies are en,-,a,,2ved in the fabrication of new products and large-scale field support services work. This background and technology base provides a good reser- voir of skill and knowledge to support research in the new area of research and monitoring responses of living plants. 5. 2 ALBUQUERQUE DIVIRON ORGANIZATION Just seven years ago, t2he entire EG&G operation at Albuquerque consisted of 15 employees housed in a modest office. Today, 400 EG&G personnel are employed in a spacious, modern facility occupying approxi- mately six acres of the University of New Mexico Industrial Park. This phenomenal growth rate is a direct result of the professional capabilities of the 2Division's personnel. Individually and collectively, they provide both specialized and interdisciplinary scientific knbivledge which can then be applied toward the solution of almost any state-of-the-art problem. Enhancin,- this capability is the broad scope of the Division's operations which covers a7n extremely wide range of scientific disciplines. 5-2 BOARD OF DIRECTORS B. J. O'KEEFE PRESIDENT R. G. B. FELT H. E. G] K 2 IIER co SR CE PRESIDENTI IDENT I I VICE PR pi FIREE rv GOVERRUENT AND C4 COL'MERCIAL SYSTEMS 2 LOS ALAMOS T APPLIED ay GROUP p ECHNOLO I DIVISION GROUP ROU H.V.WALLACE SR. VICE P2RESIDENT GMX GAI BEDFOR ALBUQUERQUE SANTA BAREARAI DIVISIO DIVISION 3 "IVI"011- Figure 5-1. EG&G Corporate Organization For example, EG&G Albuquerque has proven capabilities in systems engin- eering, program management, conceptual design, advanced design, planning, testing, evaluation, operation, and data analysis. The Albuquerque Division is directed by Dr. James L. Dick, General Manager, who reports to H. V. Wallace, Senior Vice President of 2 EG&G. A chart of the Albuquerque Division organization is shown in Figure 5-2. The Albuquerque Division of EG&G is assigned to the Government and Commercial Systems group of EG&G. The entire group is made up of the Bedford, Albuquerque, and Santa Barbara Divisions as well as GAI/GrvIX. As indicated on the Albuquerque Division O2rganization Chart, the Division is orcranized into major directorates that are described in the following para- rraphs. 5.3 ALBUQUERQUE DIVISION DIRECTORATES 5.3.1 Engineering Directorate The Engineering Directorate encompasses the technology of clec tronic/electrical, mechanical, and electro-opti2cal engineering, and theoreti- cal and analytical pnysics. The directorate has a proven capability in analvsis and the application of computer oriented techniques to scientific problems. Capabilities and experience have been demonstratect in the follonvinfr general areas: (1) Design and development of special-purpose elect2ronic, digital and analog data acquisition microwave data, and electro-optical (including photo, optical, laser, televisioti) systems. (2) Design, installation, and operation of ENIP dia-nostic iz, 2 instrumentation. (3) Design of timing and firing/command and control systems. (4) Design of mechanical systems requiring high precision fabrication. (5) Development of special purpose packa(rin- techniques. (6) Systems engineering and inte-ration. 4 5-4 ALBUQUERQUE DIVISION J. L. DICK General min3get 2 CHIEF N DIVISIO DIVISION STAFF CONTROLLER R.M. BLAKNEY D. R. SUPOWIT W.D.GEORGE 2 Matkiger Cil & ENGINEERING PROGRAMS AD NSTRATION D.R POWIT 2 R.F.MAYO W. D. HEWITT -t- Director Director D"!u APPLILD SCIENC 2 Es ENGINEERING ING A SCIENCES MECH. ENGINEER FIELD TEST OKFARIVINT F 5AT 3 DEPARTWLNT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT at-II JA. to(PAI II E -1@ertise has been dev loped in the following fields: e clear device and induced 1) Ground Motion Research: nu shock propagation, ground motion predictions, and structural response analysis. 2 Analytical Instrumentation Modeling: research and development in the physical and'mathematical modeling of specialized nuclear and non-nuclear instrumentation transducers. (3) Data and Information Systems Software Design: high- volume data handling requirements specifications,2 infor- mation storage and retrieval, and scientific programming. (4) Nuclear Test Studies: conceptual design analysis, experiment development, and data analyses. (5) Nuclear Phenomenology: gamma, neutron, X-ray, EMP, thermal, blast and shock effects. (6) Electromagnetic Pulse Simulation and Analysis: Corona studies, and EMP interactions with electrical and elec.@- tronic systems and dielectric/conductive envelopes. This Directorate also provides a capability for the operation, m',Iiiitenance; engineering modification, and fielding of complex electronic, mec2hanical, electro-optical, and photo-optical instrumentation systems. ;Z,., The technolo,aies encompassed include the following systems: timing, RF, Photocrraphic, particulate sampling and dosimetry, servo, line of sight pipe diagnostics instrumentation, spectral measurement, and analo g a2nd di--, ital data. The Directorate maintains and operates a computer-oriented data reduction facility, which incorporates analog-to-digital conversion, data playback, and conversion of hard copy data and film utilized in posa trian,-ulation. This Directorate provides a focal point for all electronic and 4 mechanical technicians who are supplied to the operating directorates on a programmatic basis. It provides the facilities and services of an R&D 5-6 Laboratory, a Fabrication Laboratory, a Metrology Laboratory, an mental Test Laboratory, a Model Shop, and a Drafting Section. 5. 3. 2 ProoTams Directorate The Programs Directorate provides the Division -with the caixii)llol for continuity for major programs by ensuring that the most applicable ma2nagement techniques are being supplied and that the program mana-,crq utilizing those personnel -whose talents are best fitted to each pro@,-rl-. are This frees the other directors to administer and develop the resources unc.er veloponcomingprograms. TheProgramsDirectorrci)ort-i them and to de 2 to the Division Manager as to the progress of each program and implen,.c-t-i methods Nvhereby the program's objectives might be more expeditiousl,,- accomplished. 5. 3. 3 Administration and Finance Directorate This Directorate provides administrative and cost support to scientific and technical functions of the 3other directorates. It also per4.c.-,@; f inan ial accounting, cost tracking and reporting, property managlmcnt. data processing, and publications support for the Albuquerque Division. .5-7 APPENDIX A RESUMES 7,V 7 77f "7 ri FRANK W. WILCOXSON Senior Technologist Albuquerque Division EDUCATION New Mexico State University, Mechanical Engineering, 1949 to 1951 IC2S, Industrial Engineering, 1949 to 1951 EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Mr. Wilcoxson is group leader and head of the EG&G Albuquerque Division Product Design Group responsible for product prototype packaging. This erroup places emphasis on design for mass production and consequent cost saiin-s in manufacturing new products. Mr. Wilcoxson is also responsi2ble for providin- consultin- support to enoineers regarding electronic packaging, ENT shieldincr systems, and EMP simulator designs. For the past six months, Mr. Wilcoxson has been the senior experimenter on a program to study response of plants to such stimuli as human emotion, i-nental thought transmission to plants, and various plan2t responses to other living creatures such as birds and animals. Previously, Mr. Wilcoxson was a senior technologist and group leader of electronic packaging group responsible for all packaging functions design of E.'L%IP simulator structures, design of EM shielding systems, and all design of optical-mechanical laser systems. He was also responsib2le for bids, pro- posals, and detail designs of classified weapons systems. Systems designed and now operational include the ARES simulator shield system, SAFEGUARD simulator and its associated shield system, rotated EMP simulator built for AFWL at Kirtland AFB, and a shield system for the ALECS simulator at Kirtland Air Force Base. Earlier, Mr. Wilcoxson2 worked as a technologist responsible for all electronic packaging and shield room designs. Projects rancred from electronic packages built to withstand 100 g shock loads to miniature packages capable of withstanding 5000 g shock loads, light pipe trigger units for shield rooms and boxes, and various packaging of miniature and micro-minia2ture electronic packages. He has also worked as a technical supervisor at EG&G Albuquerque, responsible for electronic packaging and complete drafting department operation. Before joining EG&G, Mr. Wilcoxson was a packaging engineer at the University of New Mexico Physics Department. He was responsible for the design, fabricat2ion, and environmental testing of an optical-mechanical satellite package and an electronic satellite package for use in the OGO and OSO satellite series'. Both units were orbited. He also worked as chief draftsman for the Eberline Instrument Company where he was responsible for all packaging and machine design as well as super-vision of drafti9ng department operations. A-2 DR. ROBERTIVL BLAKNE y Chief Scientist Albuquerque Division EDUCATION 2 iersitv of Rochester, 1955, Physi PliD, Uiii cs and Optics BA, Williams College, 1943, Physics EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Dr. Blakney is the Chief Scientist and scientific adviser in optics and electro-optics for the Albuquerque Division. He has approximately 14 years of experience managing 2 tnd workina in electro-optics for industry, approximately 6 years in teaching at the Iiisti,-ute of Optics at the University of Rochester, and 3 years as Principal Investi- @:ator in research involving physical measurements of thermal radiation in associa tioii with the study of flash burns. Prior to cominc, to the Alb2uquerque Division, Dr. BLLkney was General Manager and Director of Research and Engineering for the Santa Monica Division of EG&G for 5 years, primarily engaged in application of lasers to classified military projects recuirin- prototype design, fabrication, and testing. He also workedwith electro- optical systems, both imaging and non-imaging. Other work included exper2imental research on the effects of atmospheric turbulance on the propagation of optical si- ,nals. He has performed optical systems analyses for many of the projects just described. Prior to his work at EG&G, Dr. Blakney did work -with photographic emulsions and %,orked Nvith solid-state aspects of Xerog2raphic plates. He -was granted patents for Xerographic processes and processes for treating selenium. Dr. Blakney h merous publications in the electro-optical field and in areas re- as nu covered by this resume. He is a member of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, and Sigma XL He was President of the Roches4ter Section of the Society for Engineering Education. A-3 EDUCATION University of Utah, PhD in Physics, Mathematics Minor, 1956 University of Utah, MS in Mathematics, Physics Minor, 1951 University of Utah, BS in Mathematics, Physics Minor, 1949. Graduated -xit!t honors. EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Dr. Morris specializes in plasm2a physics, electro-optics, and astraphystet. I!r has been working primarily with electro-optical system design and E.NIP His work includes development of an electro-optic E-field sensor for E.Mil lator applications. His most recent work is an airborne laser propazation I-%- periment using scintillation to measure atmospheric turbulence at altitude.% from 5 kft to 40 ldt along horizontal paths between two NC-135 aircraft. Previously, he was a senior basic research scientist with Plasma Phy-e-tc.-t Laboratory, Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories, where he conducteti basic researc2h in plasma physics, including laser production and beatina plasmas in and out of a magnetic field. He constructed a high power pul.-@ets CO laser and an Argon ion laser for diagnostics. He used ot nf 2 her kinds routinely for various purposes and conducted other basic research in pla2ilr-" physics, including studies of some astrophysical plasmas. He developld .1 photomultiplier radiometer for detection of radio-frequency intensity mcxU--,c - light signals from plasmas, and a resonance probe apparatus and CxPcri:@:W.--. 2 nci technique for resonance probe measurements at microwave freque also developed a graphical digitizer for direct reading of existing X-Y ter co digitizing the data for read-in to a computer and replotting af mPu cr cessing of one or more plots. 2 Earlier, as an assistant professor of physics at San Diego State COllecc taught physics courses in eletromagnetic theory, optics, and ad c anics. He also has worked as a staff member at Los Alamos Scit I 'c tory in the Test Division, Group J-12. He participated in weapons 100-; 2 'qt Eniwetok and Nevada Test Site and worked on development of a f,2- photomultiplier between tests. Dr. Morris also developed several types of electron guns, inclucilr4t types and gas type guns He developed a fast-beam switching gu.13 e 2 beazn-plasma interaction studies, including plasma 0 = scillation 'Ctrc:@ rnents and did experimental studies of positive ion focusing Of C" e He per-lo2r@-- cluding holding electron beams together over long rang s, sheet analyses and 'water tank analyses of electron gun co achieve optimum operation. These var' ere used r" lous guns w Of three years to e2dte oscillations in plasmas, etc- Dr. Morris has an ex3tensive number of publications relating to t-I (ap roximately 25.) He is a member of -the American Phyllcli p Xi, and Sigma Pi Sigffia. A-4 @77