pop" 3 W., mw 'OA, 53-37 ST B The report that follows is a corxlensation of a stu4 by train- ing experts of the important cl"sified and uncU391lied information available on this subject. BACXGRDUND Brainwashing,, as a technique, has been =ad for centuries and In this sons*, brainwashing m"ns Is no up24ryl to yaychologists, involuntary re-@admation of basic beliefs and values, AIL people we being re-edwated continuously. Now information changes ones-a bel.,4-ofa. Everyone has experiewed to some degree the conflict thi2lt. when new information is not consistent with prior belief f the brainwashed individual differs in that ;;; in- expe once 0 n the individual urder control-led 2 information is fbrc*d vpo the possibility of critical judpwnt has been-re- @k@ by a variety of methods. Ther4 Is no question that an individual cm be broken payebolog- leany by captors with kn2owled4a and v!.llingmse to persist in tech- raquis aimed at deliberately destroying the integration of a personal- ity. Although it is probable that everyone re-iuced to such a confused, disoriented state wM respond to the introduction of now beliefs, this *annoi be stated dopat2iciily. PRINCIPLES OF MDU CONTROL AND REACTION 7D COiiTWL There are progroisive steps in exercising control over an individ- zal and changing his behaviour and personality integration. The fol- lowing five **.ops are typical of behaviour changes in any controlle2d individmlt 1. Making the individual aware of control is the first st&La in changing his behaviour. A wml3L child is made aware, of the physical and psychological. control of his parents and quickly recognizes that an overwhelming fore* must be re2ckoned with. So, a controlled adult comes to recognize the overwhelring po-,mrs of the state and ttio in- personal, *Incarc*rative" machiner,,- in which he is *nM93hed* Thein- 4-t-,Yidual recognizes that definite limits have been put upon the ways he can respond. Y 0 51" 0 Ir/ OA @53 NDPD.U @@a t @6ii, c,ontr*U- 2 The corm 116 praise, very In- over him* tor 2 -itrol and recognition of dependence re- 3. The awareness of co suit in causing internal conflict and breakdown of previous patterria of behaviour* Although this trar.3ition can be re.Lativeiy mild2 in the case of a ebild, It is almost invariably severe for the adult undergoing braiw.@,ashing. Only an individual who holds his values -change thea,6a3ily, Since the brainwasher-inte"ogatore 2 lightly can six rg6@', profom Im 'W t,1,4 intiv@idu'&U, =:b d tion" change, they ores' their. victims,@.7.?,,BPO,c out pa nfuu wbaltr:-s2"&s"d by the controllir.g t4iii iod@the@victin is likely to havo a mental breakdown characterized by dolusiofts and hmucinat- ions. that there Is an acceptable2 soluticn to his pro- first stage of reducing the'individ=lls coTLfiict. It stically reported by victim of brainwashing that this egyary led to an over:;"Iming feiii@g of relief that the horror of intarnal conflict would cease and that perhaps they would not, after all, be driven in3ane. It is at this point that they are p"- pared to make major changes in their v&3,us-systems. This is an 2 automatic rather than a voluntWT choice* They have lost their a- bility to be critical. Reintegration of vlaues and identification with the cont- roiling ay-atom is the final stage in changin.3 the behaviour of 2 -the ontroiied lndividual'*,,A child who ban learned a news socially de- irabjo behaviour demonstrat4is itsirpwtance by attempt-ng to a4- apt the nom behaviour to a variety of other situationx. Sirdiar 1 states in the brainwashed adulf, are@ 2 SEMT IU 53-.n@ ly independent of his former value- ca]*ble of thinking or speaking in concepts other Re- @@in no@ onger 2 ,,than those he has adopted. Be tends to identify by expressing thanks to his captors for helping him see the light. Brainvasbing can be achieved vitbout using Illegal means. Anyone willing to use kno,,m principles of and reactions to control and capable of demmstmting the patience 2 M a child can probably achieve successful brainwashing. eded COMWJMT CDWML TECHNIQUES AND TMM PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFEM on of usual,,commist control tec@niques follows. ion. There are at least two ways In which 'interro- giltion" Is tsed:, a.-,@,,@!'Zlicitation vhich is designed to get the individual to -naet'3?rotected@information, in a form of interrogation. One major !i@i@L-.b@'t@vien2 elicitation and the interrogation used to achieve is that the mind of the individual must be kept clear to -L- of protected permit coherent, undistorted disclorm iaormation. b. Elicitation for the purpose of brainvashing consists of 2 questioning, argument, indoctrination, threats, cajolery, praise, hos- tility, and a variety of other pressures. The &in of this interrogation is to hasten the breakdovn of the individual's value-system and to encourage the substitution,of a different value-system. The procurement of protected Information is secondary and is u2sed as a device to increase pressure upon indi'vid iMe@ti6ra.-,"interrogation" in this paper vill refer, in general, to this type. The "interrogator" is the individual vbo.conducts this type of interrogation and who controls the aftinist".tion of the other 2 pressures. Be in the protagonist against whom the victim'develope his con- flict, and upon whom the victim develops a state of dependency as he seeks some solution to his conflict. 2. Physical Torture and Threats of Torture. Two types of physical torture are distinguishable 2 more by their psychological affect in induc- ing conflict than by the degree of painfulness: a. The first type is one in which the victiu.h&s-;a passive role @in the pain inflicted on him (e-g.,, beatinp). His conflict involves the 2 decisior. of whether or not to give in to demands in order to avoid furthei- ]pain. Generally, brutality of this type van not found to achieve the desired regultoo@ Threats of torture were found more effective, as fear 7 causes greater conflict within the individual than does pain it- #elf. OA 53-37 -lure, in ri-wpre@i.@2tia breq@ilring the , y d iir@e other liewa@it@of X@ngen rs,::.iiit,tb@e'indi-'- dvit, Thia,,itit",. 2 tw" 'glet of.resistance@ passes4and his t,@ tip owe 8 a own 2 a of pain. er-mination "h a- desire to collapse and dis continu e the pain. It Is this extra internal conflict, in addition to the conflict over whether or not 2to give in to the demands made of him, that tends to make this method of torture sore effective in the breakdown of the individual personality. Isolation. Individual differences in reaction to isolation are ly greater than to any other method. Some individuals a2ppear to able to withstand prolonged periods of isolation without deleterious t, vhile'7&lrelatively.short,,period of Isolation reduces others to of,lysycbosis.,-,-,@R'eiaio@n varies,@,vith'ti@i,t26nditions of the iso- .@@,Some.sources have indicated a strong reaction to filth and rmin although they had negligible reactions to the isolation. Others reacted violently to isolation in relatively clean cells. The predominant cause,.2.of breakdown in such situations is a lack of sensory stimulation grayness of valls, lack of sound, absence of social contact,, etc.). jeets exposed-,to,this-,condition,have reported vivid bal- ervhelaing :t'ew's"-;ok -'Iosink @ their Control of Communication. This is one of the most effective methods for creating a sense of hopelessness and despair. This measure might well be considered the cornerstone of the communist system of con- trol. 2 It consists of strict regulation of the mail, reading materiala, broadcast materials, and social contact available to the individual. The need to communicate is so great that when the usual channels are blocked, the individual will resort to any open channel, almost regardless of the lwlications of using that pw4.icular channel. MwW POWs :in Korea, whose act of "collaboration",vas to sign petitions and "peace appeals," defended their actions on the ground that this was the only method of 2 letting the outside world know they'vere still &live. YAny stated that -,orale and fortitude would have been Increased Immeasurably had le&rlets of encouragement been dropped to them. Vhen the only contact with the outside world is via the interrogator, the prisoner comes to 2 develop extreme dependency on his interrogator and hence loses another prop to his morale. Another wrinkle in-commmication control In the informer system. ,Th* recruitment of informers in POW camps discouraged communication N*ORN @,7 ion, lost faith in th-tir .,k wt6tdv--fol@diid ,to.k @%m ting individualim.' Informers are 2 of brainwashing and elicitation to develop ,@@i@.,ovLir the victims. -In uct!6n of Fatigue. This is a well-known devtce for breaking will power and critical power 2 a f t Deprivation of sleep reaults 0 ju intense psychological debili on than does any other method of 'Conveyor belt' 2 nderii4@'fiLtigue., The communists their rethods. 50-60 hours make alwet =y individual cam- 19 danger that this will kill tLe victim. It is safer 2 con ui Ong d of 8-io hours e. night while forcing the prisoner ii-ii4ake-di;ii@ing the'day. Additional interruptions in the remaining rem& 2-3,howa of.allotted sleep quickly reduce the most 2 r&silient individual. erna it' fi& n stration A 'tt, .6f.driig stimulants and deprt3s&nts hastens the @@f. t proaesw,o a gue and sba'@rp'm' 2 psychological reactions of excitement e will to -.-esist, also produces reased "slips of the tongue," for- get fulness, and decreased ability to maintain ord,-rly2 thougbt processes. 6. Control of Food, Water and Tobacco. The coutrolled individual to u&Ae.Intensely avare of his depen.-lence upon his interrogator fprthe quantity of his'food and tobacco. The exercise of this con- 2 f6ilovs,a patte=.. No food and little or no *ater is per- d,@al.for!lseveml days-prior to interrogation. When the t complains of this to the interrogator, the latter expresses surprize@at suc2h,@inhumane treatment. He moes a demand of the prisoner. the latter"c ies be receives a good meal. If be does not, he gets omp, a diet of wmppetizing food containing limited Yitamins, minerals, and calories. This di2et is supplemented occasionally by the interrogator if the prisoner "cooperates.* Studies of controlled starvation indicate that the whole value-system of the subjects underwent a change. Their irritation increased astheir ability to think clearly decrease . The control of tobacco p2resented an even greater source of conflict for heavy @.@emokerB,. ]@ecause tobacco In not necessary to life, being manipulated by his craving for it can create in the Individual a strong sense of guilt. 7. Criticism and Self-Criticism. These are mechanisms of co2mmunist tbou&t control. Self-criticism gains its effectiveness from the fact that-altbough it is not a crime for a man to be wrong, it in a major crime to be stubborn and to refuse to learn. Many individuals feel Intensely re- lieved in being able to sba"4 their sense of guilt. Those individuals, OA 53-37 c e" is reliable evidence ccm=is 8 are making widespread use of drugs or hypnosis in brai -)n. 2 nvashing or elicitati, The exception to this is the use of common stimulants or depressants in inducing fatizue and "mdod oviqp.* Other aethods@of m-sntrol vb@c vhen'uned in cOnJunction with the c processes, hasten the deterioration of prisonerat sense of val2ues a-nd@ res:Lst4we'e am: ]Re4lidring case history or:"a'ut lography of"the prisoner a ob d6s@a,mlie'of information for the interrogator in establishing and 2 dociimentingl@accusatiozw. b. Friendliness of the interrogator, when least expected, up- aprisoner's ability to mirrtain. a critical attitude,,, deman *UC a,s;.Sevirely- li2miting-thi allotted time facilities or z@iqiiiring-the'-'POW to kill hundreds of are hbrrassmentmetbrods. d. Prisonerb are often humiliated by refusing them the use of toilet facilities during interrogation until they soil themselves2. Often prisoners were not perm,@tted to bathe for weeks until they felt contempti- e. Conviction as a war criminal appears to be a potent factor ing dispair---in an lndividual.,@.Oni official analysis of the pres- 2 erted by the ChiCome on "confessors" and "non-confessors" to c,ipatlon In bacteriological warfare in Korea stowed that actual trial nvi(,Ition of "war crimes" was overwhelmingly associated with breakdown and confession. f. Attempted elicitation of protected Information at various 2 t en during the brainwashing process diverted the individual from awa- to of the deterioration of his -mlue-system.@ The fact that, in most e9,@@the ChiCome did not want or need such-intelligence was not known the prisoner., His attempts to 1protect such Information was made at expense of hastening his own breakdown. OX 53-37 -,iDONTRDL:- A "SCHEDULE" Fon BpAiNwAsH= counts reviewed, the following appears riPtiOn Of vhat occurs during brainwashing. lloving capture, the captors are faL6ea, t vays or exploitation of the prisoners. both for those vho are to be exploited to 'unde2rgo brainwashing. Concurrently, required to vrite a detailed personal history, ,the prisoner 'undergoes a physical and psychological "softening-up" vhich Includes-.,@@Iiinited-ii6l*lttablelfooa rations, v:ithholding of tobacco, possi- 2 bl is use of toilet facilities, no use of c work detai ,seve!rely facilities for personal cleanliness, liuit*Ltion of sleep such as requiring a subject.to alee p vith a.bzight,ligbt in his eyes. Apparently the inter-. 2 16i@raihl@iitmateiial, the reports of the prisoner' be- -ou3@..@,in o the te C,@ ntiienti,.,iind@ tentative "personality typing" by In rro 2 Id' u@= ich exploitation plans are =de. PM asigi vh There@isla,..uajor.1-difference between preparation for elicitation and brgLinV")l:i4, Z-,A 2 for soner@s'exploited through elicitation must retain suffi- cient clarity of thought to be able to give coherent, factual accounts. In brainwashing'- on-the other hand, the first thing attacked is clarity of thought. To develop a strategy of defense, the controlled individ2ual must determine vhat plans have been made for his exploitation. Perhaps the best ews@he can get are his internal reactions to the pressures he undergoes. ,-,,@The miest Important espect of the brainveshing process Is the interrv- gation.. The other pr2essures are designed p:-itarily to-belp the interrogator achleyt his goals. The follcvirg states are created systematically within the indl.vidual.@ These may vaz7 in order, but c-11 are necessary to the @,,-brainvasbing process: 2 A feeling of helplessness In attempting to deal vitb the impersonal im ry of control. 2. An Initial reaction of "surprise." 3. A feeling of uncertainty about vhat is required of him. ''16ping feeling of dependence upon the interroga A dove tor. A senso of'doubt and a loss of objectivity. -Feel t, guii his c>vn Talue-rpteu-.- Afeeling of potential 'breakdovnj,7 I.e., that he might go crazy. to defend@his acquired principles. of-,'belo r44,(identification). ngi @R4A fee@M@.,- b@ impersonal uacbinery ,@@The individual 2 @@abo"@,not only begins be done about His complaints fall on loss of communication, if,he has been 2isolated, creates that he has bem. "forgol@UM.! Evervthing tba happens to him according to an,,.Iul@ers ,tite.,.acbedule,'@tbat@@bai nothing to do 2 He served sed@in vhite. The have beg=. He ban no Idea what to expect. Ample opportunity in allotted2 for him to ruminate -ul things upon all the unpleasant or painf that could happen to him. He approaches the main.interrogation with mixed feelings of relief and Surpr 'comonly, used tbebraimuhi= process. 2 The prisoner thiLf&Ct ,@is rarely.prepwed for that lnterrolptors are usually friend-ly and considerate at firat. They make every effort to demonstrate that 'they are reasonable human beings. Often they apolo2gize for bad treatment received by the prisoner and promise to improve his lot- if be, too, is reasonable. This behaviour in not what he )-.as steeled himself for. He lets down some of his defenses and-tries to take a reasonable attitude. The first occasion he2 balks at watisfyi-ng a request of the interrogator, however, he in in for another surprise. The formerli reasonable inter- rogetor unexpectedly tu=s Into a furious -a.-ni ac. Tlie interrogator in 'likely to slap the prisoner or Amw his. pistol and threaten to sh2oot him. Usually this storm of emotion ceases as suddenly an it began and the in- terrogator stalks from the room. These surprising changes create doubt' in the prisoner " to bid very ability to perceive wwther person's noti- 2 Ions correctly. His next interrogation probably will be marked by In- vat passivity in the interrogeltor's ulien. A feeling of uncertaintyabout what Is required of him Is likewise carefully engendered within the individual. Pleas 5of the prisoner to lea= specifically of what he Is accused and by whom are side-stepped by e interroga-t@6r'.'-'I'n'st-'t@ad,, the prisoner Is asked to tell why be tbinks he is held and what be feels be is guilty of. If the prisoner fails to come up vith anything he Is accused in terms cdlbroad generalities (e.g-., 2 espionage, sabotage, acts of treason against the 'people'). 7his us- @@ually proy .okes@the prisoner to make some ktatement about his activities. thIs."uk"es-the@fo of a dental, be is usually sent to Isolation on r2a fukhe@i.,@aec-rea@ned food rations to "think over" his crimes. This process c n As soon as the prisoner can think of ...... 't",@@ii6t'-iii,considered self-incriminating, the interrogator 2 - *'oti6t]i"'i'n'@ tbil @prisoner in asked to vrite down his It. dence upon the intexi gator is develo ped. It,does no2t.take long for the prisoner to realize that the 't@6r@li'@tbe source of all.punisbment all tification, and all gm gra P'ieanvbile demonstrates his2 unprediet- abil e o @i@isoner@@as a creature of vbiu. At can be pleased very easily and at other times ..eff on the part of the prisoner will placate bin. The prisoner no 2 uay b6 to channel so much energy into trying to predict the behaviour of the unpredictable Interrogator tb&t he loses track of what is happen- In& inside himself. After,,tbe prisoner@has developed the above psychological and emotional 'reactions'@@to 2a'suffici@-nt degree the brainwashing begins in earnest. First, critical faculties must be destroyed. @ic.i@9,@@i"iguing -interrogations while looking at a bright light. He is called back again and Win for interrogations after2 min- @@imal sleep#@@:Ne say undergo torture that tends to create internal con-. flict. Drugs my be used to accentuate his 'wood swings." He develops depression vben the interrogator is being kind and becomes euphoric when the lnterroiptor to threatenin2g the direst penalties. Then the cycle is reversed. The prisoner finds himself in a constant state of anxiety vhich prevents him from relaxing even when be Is permitted to sleep. Short periods of itiolation nov bring on visual and auditory hallucinations. The prisoner feels bi=elf losing his objectivity. It is in this state 'that the prisoner must keep.up an endless argument with his interrogator. Be may be faced with the confessions of otber individuals who 'collabo- rated" Vith his In his crimes. The prisoner seriously begins to doubt his own s2emry. This feeling is heightened by his inability to recall 'he people be-knows very well or the date little things like the names of t 'Of his birth. The Interrogator patiently sharpena this feeling of doubt by more questioning. This tends to crea3te a serious state of uncertainty vben the individual has lost most of his critical faculties. OA 53-37 !;prisoner umt, dergo,. addii-i ernal@conflict v'hen'strong iatrin 2 @-one cid', ki If ation.@' in eted towards the prisoner's 'code. Every moral vulnerability Is exploited by incessant question- ing along this line until the prisoner begins to question the very fun- damentals ofhis own value-system. The pris2oner must constantly fight a potential brebxdovn. He finds that his mind in "going blank" for longer and,longer periods of time. He cannot think constructively. If be in to@,maintain any semblance of psychological integrity, be must bring to this state of interminable Internal conflict2. He signifies a osione e end, no.braimmshing would bave occurred. have givipn in to intolerable pressure. Ac.@ tually, the final stage of the brainwashing process has just begun. No 2 matter what the prisoner writes in his confession the interrogator in Aot satisfied. The interrogator questions every sentence of the confes- begins to edit It with the prisoner. The prisoner In forced against every change.,, This-la-the essence,,o2f.brainvashing. be gives in on a point to the interroggltor@'he must re-. confession. Still the interrogator I* not patisfied. a despezate attempt to maintain some semblance of integrity and to further brainwashing, the prisoner wamt begin to argue thatvhat already confessed is true. He begins to accept as his own the statements he has written. He uses many of the interrogator's earlier oYguments to buttress his position. By this process, identification with the interrogator's value-system becomes comple2te. It Is extremely iaportant to recognize that a qualitative change has taken place within brainwashed victim'dbes not consciously ch!!Lnge his zt -er the c:bange occurs despite@@his efforts. He in no e responsible for this cbglnge than is an lndividualvho "snaps" and a psychotic. And like the psychotic, the prisoner is not even of the transition. DEFENSIVE )IEASU.RES OTHER THAN ON THE POLICY AND PLANNING izm 1. Training of Individuals potentially subject to communist con2trol. Training should provide for the trainee a realistic appraisal bf-vhat conteol pressures the communists are likely to exert and vhat the usual human reactions are to such pressures. The trainee must learn 7 10 s themost effective vays of combatting his own reactions to such pressures anl be must learn reasonable expectations as-to what his behaviour should be. Training has two decidedly positive ellfects: firkst, it provides the trainee with ways of combatting control; second, it provides 2 the basis for developing an immeasurable boost in morale. Any posit,@'ve action that the inaividual can take, even if it is only slightly effective, gives him a sense of control over a situation that is othervlse controlling him-. !@,,2.@-,"Training must provide the Individual 2with the means of recognizing istic aoil!s- foi@ himself a. Delay in yielding may be the only achievement that can be hoped for. In any particular operation, the agent needs the support of .knowing specifically bow long he must hold out to save an operat2ion, pro- -@tect his cohorts, or.gaft some other goal. The@i@@@obould be taught how to achieve tbe-most favor- =d@ bav to @'behave and make the necessary concessions to obt4Lin minimum penalties. 2 c. Individual behavioural responses to the various communist control pressures differ markedly. Therefore, each trainee should know his own particular assets and limitations in resisting specific pressures. Rc( can learn these only under laboratory conditions simulating the actual Pressures-be may have to face. d. Training must provide knowledge of the gc,:,ls and the restric- tions pla@ced@upon big communist interrogator. The trainee should know vbat controls are on his interrogator and to what extent he can -ni ulate 2 p the interrogator. For example,-the interrogator is not permitted to fail to gain "something" from the controlled individual. The knowledge that, after the victim has proved that he is a "tough nut to crack" be can scrde- times Indicate that be might compromise on some little point to help the 2 interrogator in return for more favorable treatment, may be useful in- deed. Above all, the potential victim of communist control can gain a ipreat deal of psychological support from the knowledge that the cmm unist interrogator In not a completely free agent who can do whatever be wills 2 with his victim. e. The trainee must learn what practical cues might aid him in recognizing the specific goals of bin interrogator. The strategy of defense ownst elicitation may differ markedly from the strategy to prevent brainwashing. To prevent elicitation, the individual may hasten his ow0n state of mental confusion; whereas, to prevent brainwashing, maintaining clarity of thought processes Is imperative. OA 53-37 good,neal, In -Particular, it should be emphasized to the trainee that, although little can be done to control tbepressures exerted upon him, be can lea2rn something abvut@coirtrolling his'personal reactions to specific pressures. 7be trainee can gain much from learning something about in- ternal conflict and conflict-producing mechanisms. He should learn to recognize when someone is trying to arouse guilt feellits and what be- havioural2 reactions can occur an,a response to guilt. train, an be utilized cular coum=ist,control- Ilicitation.@ In general, individuals who are the hardest.to Inter- rogate for information are those who have experienc2ed previous interroga- tions. Practice in being the victim of interrogation is a sound train- @de@vICL'* e trainee should learn something abcyut-the principles of 'Tbere In a mxim= to@@ib'6;8@mount of pain"th2at can actually felt. Any amount of pain can be tolerated for a limited period of time. In addition the trainee can be fortified by the knowledge that there are legal limitations upon the amount of torture tbilt can be inflicted by communist jailors. Isolation. The sychological 2 e eta of isolation can probably be p ffe -systematic efforts on the part of thwarted beat by uental gymnastics and the icolate to obtain stimulation for his neural end orge Contivls on Food and 7bbacco. 2Food given by the communists will ,@@'alvays be enough to maintain survival. Sometimes the victim gets unex- I>eeted opportunities to ex,.pplement his diet with special minerals, vitamins and other nutrients (e.g., "ir6n' from the rust of prison bars). In some instances, experience2 has shown that Individuals could exploit refughl to eat. Such refusal usually resulted in the transfer of the individual to a hospital where he received vitamin injections and nutritious food. Evi- dently attempts of :this kind to commit suicide arouse the greatest concern In communist officials. If5 deprivation of tobacco is the control being exerted, the victim can gain moral satisfaction fr-ot 'giving up".tAlLeco. He can't lose since he is not likely to get any anyway. 12 s to si@lii-e example, mild physical exercise writing Peramal Accounts and Self-Criticiffm. Experience has in- 2 dicated that one of the most effective ways of combatting these pressures -with an overabundance of enthusia Is to enter li2to,,the,spirit sm. Endless '@"vr2itten@@accomi @@inconsequential material has virtually 'smothered' some eager.@linter.Toga ra.,-,.-In the,sene spirit, sober, detailed self- ,:to v"o:c." th' -t@ainute!@triins"- has sometimes brought good results. a moo :tons, htl d@,,ditfend. Perfectly execution of an individualts 2 le-in this situation. Tbke the ex- grade military officer. He has knowledge of sensitive strategic,intelligence which it is his duty to protect. He has the respon- 2 i6aa.,,fitness of his men and serving an the cany@ dant as- amething for 2 It. Thus to satisfy one responsibility he must compromise another. The officer, in short, is in &:constant state of internal conflict. But if tbe'officer is given the relative priority of his different responsibilities, he Is sulyportbd by the knowle2dge that he won't be held as pecountable for ww other behaviour if he does-his utmost to carry out his highest priority ,.''"sponsiblllt There Is considerable evidence that many individuals- tried to iisii3aiii@tA2e priority of th2eir responsibilities on their ovn, '?-but, were.. ln.,conflict@over.@@Vhetber others would subrequently accept their tbat@ o@ne' dual was probably brainwashed vhile he 2 t was trying to pro ec bi=sl-lf axaimt elicitation. C*NMUSIONB The application of knoim psychological principles can lead to an understanding of brainwashing. 2 .1. There in nothing mysterious about personality changes resulting .,from the brainwashing process. 2. Bra:immobing is a complex process. Principles of motivation, -tOr 2 perception, learning, and physiological deprivation,are needdd -acco=t' for the results achieved in brainwashing. Brainwashing Is an Involuntary re-educotion of the fundamental bellefs of,tbe indivi6dual. To attack the problem successfully, the brain- washing process must be differentiated clearly from general education methods for thought-control,ormass indoctrination, and elicitation. 13