?IO. 44 Office Meilioran M I UNITED STATES'GO\rEl@NMENT 1-3 'Chiefi, Security Research Staff 54 TO FROM Chiefy Technical Branch SUBJECT: Attached A with is a self-expl=atory mmorandum of@@ 0 connection with the recent work done here I am certain the work was vtry profitable and as far as I can tell, as i resse appreciated the opportunity of working 'wit 77- CD LIN L-J 41;C ;7C La C2 t>l 4t 6 Irv, oz L) 4-) LO 4-4 s@4 C3 LO 5 1955 MDICRPliDU I FOR: MM.T.ECT: EYpnotiam and Covert operationa *1 apologize for (3,Lil)initting a (locunent cLs long ns tll4l Olle. J' t Jr, higlily contr6versial 2and even thin treatmcnt, -,Iliicli The sub cc may appear long, is abbreviated. iiv 2. Frankly, 3: no-,r distrust Tmcli o-C 'wllnt Is writtcn acadenac experts on bypndtism. Partly this is because many of tbl-m appear to have generalize'd:i'xtm a ver h of their few cases; partly because muc cautioue pessimism -i's contrndicted by Agency experimenters; but more particulzrly because I personally have witnessed behavior re'sponGet3 wILich respe6ted experts have gaid a2re impossible to obtain. Ia no other field have I been so cobsciousiqf the moiltal claustrophobia of book and lecture hall kacwlcdge. 'I donl.t thinll we ha-m enau&h evidence to say positivrly that hypnotism is a practicable coN-p-r-t wenponl but I do sa2y that we'll never know wlie-ther it is or not unlcsa we experiment in the field where ve can learn vhat is prncticablo sychologically) ia a way that no laboratory worlter (materially and p could possibly prove, Even the torminolo Cy of hy2pnotism Is in conrusion. I linvi- used tertra like "suggestibility", "catalepsy" snd @'faE;cirmtion" becnuse they seemed to r@,c descriptive, but these nre or6med to bc inaccurate in cur-rent journals. As an examp1c of the confunion, and2 I spent the better part of tvo dnys arguing with o4 an academic practitioner of formidable reputation before we discovered that bis vehement and perplexing disngrement witb what we knev to be facts was based on oemantic hair-splitting and congealed pig- headedness. Ifyou decide that the pursue this subject furtlie8r,, I suggcat that you irce A@A and myself t@o discuss the first recoL-.Pcn(lation of the attached pckpcr. Attnclrmcnt Disi;ri.bu C-)n: Orig. - Atlt-lrcE3GCe - C Securit Tliii3 paper briefly describes liy]dnotiom ar, it hns 'Uccn ugcd in medicine, the laboratory and an the stage; some adaptaticna wlilch may make Jmt uacnble in covert operations; nnrl clandeatine operational r@,.ucnrcli requiremcnts. 2rirne rcader eliould.,keep in )i@ind that ve are here dealing with aspects of htimnii beliavior wllitli do not permit &atliematicall@r..exact definitious or clasaifications. 1. MNOTISM A'. 'What Is It 7 IlypnotiGm is a 2atnto of exncgcrated or heif@liteued ougaestibility. It is a mtural mental condition which superficinlly resembles sleep and Me zlc-op it can be induced by suggestion. It is characterized by extreme responsivrness to suggestion and heiglit-ened 9-tiriLlation of the imagination. During hypnosis, the aut2onomic nervous system nnd the unconscious mind can be reached and, within distinct but not -tor. Whatever degree tlioroughly understood limita,, affected by an opera evelcrpcd is not cnly effective during hypnosis but,, of control can b2e d throygh a phenc=mn knawu as post-h-ypxiotic suggestion, may in favorable circumstances be extended into subsequent waking stafcs ea well. The pro@--oso- of iiulucing Ilypr,.ooia appears to place the.cousciouci mind in a s-tatd of suspended animtion at2-4 to permit an operator to reach and affect the unconacioua mind directly. In th.is omy the conscious mind of a good subject can be affected witlioiit his being a,,mra of 1-.cnr pr why; for in the deepest stages of hypnosis, the subject nny li3ve 'IT m-iio,rlsll Almcovn HYP'ROTISIA A, @Tbat Is vnio Cin BP- Hypnotized? duction of, -IlipnoGic; C. The IV pre-T, stibility 2 ,sting -for Su,,7,,c 2, Induction Procedures 'VerbQl Suggestion jerbal Sugges,tion bo Fascination plus C. Varco-aypuosis Awnkening Post2-HYPnOtIc Suggi ations Age RcgressiOn D. other Factors 1. wliat Makes FA Good Subject? tor? 2. What Cllnracterized a Good OPera 3- stages of Hyrnosin notism" 4. ,invo o2f ITYP gairiat His Will? Can a Subject be liypnotized A 11. AFPLICATI(7il Of IlypNOSIS To COVERT OPMATIONS A. Diaguised rre-Testing B. Disguised ind'uclion C. specific Operational SituatiOna RESEARCH 9 COTICLuslais @lu4DA v. BEc%,& TIOTTS 'V Lnxid the origin enmesia both for the fact of ha lnr, .1)( n l'iypnoti7,cd of whatever new iden or impettia to action has bcen intlantcd in hi3 II(3 8 ju, I 0 is cvn unconsc2iouo niilid ply ponac(3set3 na a develcpm,@-i t f "b free will" ver ldens and motives liave as f ar as he is aware,, Whate been succt-nefull@y trausplnn4@'ed into his unconscious du-ring the hypnotic process; though for how loiig -nnd with who t tiiodiric,,itions by lils o,,m-a 'k personality ovcr loi@g periods of tima are no"6 lniown. B. @lho Can'.Bc Hr notizedl Suggestibility is a ebimeteristic of the no-@mml mind and it seems 2 possible,, evcn.,Iikely, that all normal persons could be hypnotized if Om possessed adequate techniques. There are differences of opinion amon4,,, prnctitioners ns to @6lie he ha percentage of,normal persons vho are susceptible to t tec iquea 2 nov in comon use. Childrea and youtha from 7 or 8 to 13 are generally good subjects. Of adults 2 mos;t Trredical and laboratory ,rorlcers Eicccl)t a figure of 1 out of 5 no cspable of en@tering the deepcc;-t on the first induction.(l) This fib-ure iG-Aarei3 ]pre-testing for sascc:ptibility iand., so far as I could determine,, is derived froni the use of a single favored method of lnd@ction by various experimentcra. 1. Those figures were derived frcxa expcrimen-to using peoplcs of Cc.ntral nomenon -,bougli and Wei2itern Europcnn origin. Bcr?mver,, liypnotism cia a phc not alwnys under that nn-,,ne - has been noted in tlio 3.i@ilerature of India,, Cbirxi, Japan, etc. Thero io probably little diffcrence iii suaccptibility on the acore of racial origin, al@x or rocictl cl-ngs, altliou(,-b tix3:,nlly rw 6-o local traditions. Wuction tecimiquea uacd differ according A =WOE" gmrc stnge operators claim 4 u4esnco out of 5 ottcmp-a using dioguise(I pre-tenting to nolect goo4i niii@iccts and sevf@rnl mctl)ods of inductioa used in rotation should one tietliod fail. As a working liypothesii3,, I believe 2that we need not quexrel at this time $ith an estimate by-a professiotvil operator 'vit,@i all-(;Gt 30 years c crience wliois also familiar na a consultant with some*-Of xp the operational problems of this Agency. lie believes that with skilled operators, an array induc.@Fion techn2iques and disguised pre-testing,, we should expect success with a minimum of 1 out of 2 selected sub- jects. With di7uCa,, of courset the per'een-tage should be much hig@icr. C. llqie Iii,.Iuction of Hyptionia is 2Thex,%-- are a large number of methods of inducing ITypnos U'Oat of which use variations of the follo-ving general approaches. 1. Pre-Testing for Suggestibility We are all familiar with situations in ,rliicii the thoii.-Jit or idea of a thing or condition can evoke liu=n resporises very like those which would occur if the stimulus vere "real" instrad of "imaginary". ;For exnmpla: salivation at the eight or miell of food fear and discomfort at the thought of being stung or bitten by a snake, spider or hornet; yp,,mirL,, wlicn ottieri do; etc. Some people nre2 much more susceptible to aii!TGcstloils of tliia nature tlinn others. Stage.hlpnotiatG li3ve for years taken advtint-qge of the apparcnt hil.7,h correlntiqn betwcen waking auS@,esti- biliti and hypnotic ousccptibility to pre-tent nudiciices before selecting oub4ccts. iro:@ exrimple, one vcll-luio-,rn attif,-,c liy-p'notiat carries alemon In Iiia pocket arid., no part o-f h-in in-@rodiicticrn, says: "Nov please direct your attention tcr.,ards m and toi,-,irtla tlii3 yellow) juicy., bitter lemon. Itla such a sou2r, bitter lemon. take this tni-LOc and cut through ito rind. Look, at the juice, that solix bitter juice dripping (Iolwn 'to the floor. Nov I'm goin@; t- suclc t'liat sour, bitt4r Icooti juice. (Sucks il-. audibly) SeA, it is bitter and taftl So sourl :And as I suck it notice bo,.r your zmths begin to fill vith an-liva--hov they wnter! And so on.. Meanwhile he ta on the alert for unconscious reactions e on the faces of p-ople in th@ audience. The ones who screv up their faces, si4allov saliva., Crimace in distaste are tlx ones he tries to coax an the stage far progressively more intens2ive pre-teata of suggestibility. This ir. an example o-f sugr-stion and pre-tcating of the ri.TLplt,-ot sort. Obviously it is riot cidapted to apex-aticrtial use by a clnndcstinc servicao except in the unlikely event that a stage 2erformance of -@yptiotiom can be utilized as part of the cultivution of a potentia"@ agent. Later en this-paper will be found a few pre-tests and induction rocedures which utili--e the rame principles but which are translated into more familiar agent recruitment routines. The point to beer in mind in that disguized prc-testing appcnrt to be practicable and would b1e indispeimable in tlit-- sclection of &,rood hypnotic subj(,cto without @oin.g aware that a toot of aiiy kind had been 2. The roader may notice some reaction ca his (A;n part to this dialogue. 2. Incluctioxi 1ro<,cdilrcs G-cnerally tliree types of itidiiction are, usell: verbal suG - gostion alone; fascination plus verbal suggestion; and rmrco- li-ypnoois. a. Verbal Su@r@cstioii 'bility of a oubjec-2L -4-oluntarily to coiicfntrate his I'he a attentlo.n--or, alternativ-ely., of an operator to create a situation in which the subject concentrates ulthout-necestiarily understanding the trqe purpope--is the determining factor in the induction of hypn2osis. The prime requisite iF; the need of gaining a subject's attention so that blis thou,,;lits can be concentrated on one idea or along one particular ch@Annel. In verbal i3uggeation, tho hypnotist prog3reiDses tl-lrou_qli a series of tea2ts wliicli use such elcinentnry psychologicnl phenomena as the fact -that, with his eyes cloacd, a standii-Z person will lose his balance and fall forvards or backvards r if the operator can peraujade hi2m tbxougli suggestion tcf, ir-.agine that he is irecariously balanced on a plank over a chasm, in a ywring boat., or Jixst falling. Rapidly proceeding frora this dt-.Trons@kra-tion of his "powers", -the stage opc-rntor will then ask the subject to fix his attention on a real or 6 imngrinar,,f spot on the wall'or ceiling and l@n@.ep his eyes open vliile he listens to wlist the bypnotist GAYS. This will iavolic ougZcGtions In a monotonous, rliytlmic litany that the nubll--ctla (,New ---------- ----- eyes are watering, his'lid"f gro-wing licnvy.. his I)ocly rclnxing, drowaines3 in crec,,)InLT o'@vr lilti. Very t3o,,)tl--iii ii rtnt-ter 2 of minutes usually, of secoiids on occngion--tlic subject will enter a "trnnce' -- a at--ite which looks like sleep but luring wliicli in fnot he is acutely responsive to the-V ol)cr,,vtor'LL@-@-oiep- and ouggestionn. 2 b, Fnqcinntiori. plus Verbal Sug-,Ec.,;tion The v@',11-knovu crystal-ball technique is an example., altbouuh any point of concentration will do as irell: the % tip of an operatc)r j3 finger a f2lnsbligli4t-1, any rliitiy objcct which concen-trek-tee the raya from a litjit source. Tllc pur,-,)oE3e of the device is so to tire the optic nerve by intense starirlg that the subject's uaturnl reaction will be drowsily to close his eyes. This urun2lly occurs in from 30 aeconds to Aevernl minutes. 'niE,.dr-.vice of fascinntion is accorTI)allicd -e,., by monotone verbal suggestions by the hypnotist as described above. 2 r Co co-Mriosia Barbiturates, acting as cortical cl--pressants, can be used to produce hyjnotic sleep even If all other mctlvda fail. Clilorofom, and atlier were the first narccrtics used @T for this purpose2. ITow various derivatives snd iiodific.,.ition3 of the plienobarbi-tal f;3,mily are ured. Sodium nmytal on(I soditun peii-tQ'Iiol are tlil- adot commonly used brief-,Icting barbiturates, though ot3liers of quite different deri,@mtion show great promise a'nd may be more adaptable to clandestine ure. 7, ...... . ..... . Ttic consilltant referrk to atiovo., 'W)io lirii3 pfirticiratcd in Agency operntions as n rtici-ilirr of an Artichoke team,, fecla that nnrco-hypnosis no he knows it is not as effective as :Lt might nppear at first glance to be. Ile feels that the atupor tbicli ensues doe3 not in every case permit as deep a'-s'klnge of hypnosi-*, Is very difficult to control ana,, furtlic-@r,, certai4 post-hypnotic phenomena,, of great vnluc in clan- destine wortfo may@be lacking, On the other hand,, he agrees that drug-assisted b)Tnosis is eseential In CIA vorlt. 3. Awakening Tlicre is no recorded instance in which a hy2pnotized subjcct has failed to awaken. Not one subject in a hundred will "sleep beyond the hypnotist's ouggestionj, "In a moment I am going to awaken you. Yoii will feel fine, happy nnd clict,--ful. There vill be no ill effocta--no headache, drawainens, stiffuess or o-ther 2 tliacomfort. I am going to count to three, and at the count of three I vill snap ml fingers and you will be complctel7 awake. One--you are sleoping much more lightly. Two--almost awake now. Three--('snapt)--you are wide awake!' If for any reason a subject 2does not desire to aimkcn Ali (usually conncc-ted vitli a-@Ish to continiie the pleasure and cof.-.fcrt of release from anyic-ty and wor3.7 which accoripaiiirs li)-Inoois, apparcixtly)j tliorc are several other tccl)niqiies to be tried. !;id some other psychiatrists do not agree,, -d at least inoofar as the therapeutic use of mrco-hyl)noi;la Is concc=c Should sll fail, cnr-,. unkct3 the *bjcct comfortable nrul leaves ranco will of itself clian(;e to liaturcil him alone. The byi)iiotic t sleep and the subject will awukcn in auythirig from a fcv ulinutco to a couple of hours at th2e most. But failure to awaken at the ifi quite extreordinnri. first'suggestion to do GP 4. r-ont-I no-tic Let us.auppose that a good h-ypno-tic subject has entcrc not3is. If the operator thea suggests.. the deepest oU db of h-yp ")Ster I a-smken you you i(ill have no recollection of vtmt h.SI3 occurred. Furthermore, cxactly I-'. tiour after -you are n@mkencd you will Go to the nenrest telephone and dial (any number). To wbom6ver answers you wil.1 say (any message) in all likel-iliood 2 the subject will do just that; andi-extraordinaril, enousli within :Lnute or t-,io'of 1 liour. This is a pott-liypnotic dugzestion. a m If the sub3ect after- avnkening rc!mc.,i,-iberp. or is tc,!2"k thfit he Liss been given a post-bypnotic suggestion, wlint it is,, and wlien it vill become operative,, he still will eyperience the greatest difficulty in rfainting it. Almost -Uie only vuy in vliiah he can obtaia release from an almost intolerable feeling of discomfoi-t is to carry out the pos't-hypliotic ougecstion as given him; or, alterrintively, linve the suggestion rerioved under IT@-pnosis.. Fo.- vl)at has been crcntcd is vcry similar to, if not lac,liticnl u-itli a corlrpulsion nciu-osis. ?I an exce During a d(,Tnoiii3trntion wit llcnt subject who is awtaff emplayce of,Ag,3ncy,, the o@,crator au(,,Zcetcd, "Any time that anyone asks you any question the answer to which would involve a breach of security, you will imodint2ely fall into a deep coma." After tlifi subjcqt was u-@rakened, I ber6nn to* estion him aaut his background, education, where ba wns employed., "at. his dutlem were ("clerical"), I f ImUy nakcdr 'What is the combination of your office safe?" The oubjeat's e a rolled up., 1-do head fell forward and he entered a dee--p ye hypnotic sleep. Ilaturnlly, other reactioa3 than coma could ha%,-e been oubstitutedo or any other "trigger" estiblished tl-an that of a security question,, The application of var-inticus of this phenomenon to the 2 work of the clxuadeatine cervices is obviotis. Fracticallif any effect which cnn be devcloped in the deepest hypnotic stote c3n also be obtained as a poi3-t-h7pnotic suggestion. Post-li@-pnotic suggentions,raiterstld during sov-,r33L ses2sions of hnnosis hav-e been kncwn to 4c@dure for years. The image that comes to mind is of ablnckboard an which a meanage vil.1 endure until crazed qr blurred.by- time. Ai, RcF;reasion On@o of the roat remarkable plienometia of h@6-pi-iotioii' is tlip abili-ty of an operator to relzress the time t3ene'c oE a dccnly hypnot:lzcd oubjoct. The recollection of circw-,iotniicc.,; wliicli VOW 10 liav-c'been coinpletely lost to ordir-L--iry mcrr@o@-y, nnd wliich are iiot recoverable in the nor@ntil state a:C iidnd, bcQomcf3 possible. For example, the-writer bas regressed an Agency employee to tlr2. nge of 10,.Gsked her to describe hcr day'a doings, friends,, hoiiie, etc. Sli6 answered in a cliild'E; voice and @ntorrition. ith a pencil and puper and asked to v4te her When presented v nauk.--., slip- wrate..,@n the awkwa2rd sprawl of a child. UI)ON being awakened,, she had no recollection of what liad gono on., could not recember the names of-her seliool cliiims (but aquealed in delighted recognition when the names E;Ic licr3e]-f hn(I rcelccl off fivx3 minutes before were read back to her). To all intentr. ni-ul purposes, she had once agnin been 10 years old. The implications of age regression for covrrt operations rny be obvious., especin3.ly in the interrogation of auspec".-ed double- agents. A skilled operator with a good subject can not only 'Lind out comp2lately'about a subjeat's pastj be can cause the oubject -ng, briefing, etc. Perliaps less to re-enact a recruitment, traini obvious is the possibility of using regression to build a ne-v Z, identity, and in some degree.,a clmnfed pcroonality. The almost 2 Uhbelievable recall of detail uni3cr li-ypno:3io to an iiid.iv-idunl- wlioaa conscious mind does riot "r(-,t-,ictaber" r,,,alco feasiblr@.t a fnr rielicr hnrvcst o-C inteuigence even from agcnts wtio lieive "givei-i their 3all". Furthcxmiore, a hypnotizc(l pLrFion can be rcgrei3o(-,d (i3ny) to a time wlien tic saw n I)ieco of QquipinenL, a factoi-i, an cvcnt and lie can be caiised to draw what lie saw. 'i4-lieth@,r ho underotood its significnnce or not, he will r;@producc,,occurately wliat lie vitneased; though, of course,, unless he is an arti3t, he V-111 not caent the operator with a creative masterpiece. 2 If hypnotism can b6 used in covert operationz at al2@ ege regression m3y@@be the bypno'@lic plienomcnon of grc,-itcrt 1--otential vulue. D. Other Frtctors 1. Wbat Malzes n Good Sub@eqt? Ito one appears to knav. The insan2e, tllc igi-iorant or stupill, the brilliant and erratic neurotic--theae are uoually regardcd as P(or subjects. Other than the apparent correlation between vaking suggestibility, and hypnotic susceptibility,, Little semna to be kmown. 2. 1,TliF3t ClarELctr--rizcs a Cood Operator? Although nlrost an)-onn can be ' ught to lwnotize) the idcal characteristics are: (a) In age,, 35 or older. (b) netilth-y in a raaiant,, vital way. (c) Dignificd (prcatiae is important) with a Food -v-oice. 2 (d) Personal oppeal of a kincl that inspires ndmiration rather than warm lil,.ing. (e) impenetrable res@rvL-. (f) Cnlnmfsn under pressure. -confidcrice. 0 A IiiFli degre(- of self (h) A phyrically large man., of impressive carriage., may make a bctter operator than a s=3.1 one,, other thingo beiii,,v ea.,-ial. - ------ ----------- 12 Stoars of liilno-,ti.ja 'A mmbcr of different clnosiflctitir-no nre in i,lr;c. Sorri-, lnborntor,.r nnd mcdical workers r(.@coGnize up,to 50 different F- degroes, depending an responses. Itiost sta&-c.- operntors uce five-% For practical urAer;;tonding, t.@ie follovj-ng tILrc-.,c E23@cm adequatei (a) Lc'%.Mrgy--a lack or ficial extresaion, Vcrfec@@, passivity...'a'yeUdq beav7 or quivexlxg. Tho aubject cat opc-@a his eyes lf cballeneed, but often failn to do no, 2 saying that he prefera the ctrto,-t o-f'keeping them closed. 'ibe mind in alert and the mc-@ory almrp. Tnc breath:Lng in Zike,that of normal slecp,, The subject will often cor--nent on his pleasant r-,l@2nxed feelinC3. Ec i.,3 nlert and cible to renist aiigz-cutimo. Almo,-,t every cojpcrnting subject can be broti@,lit to tldo a'-age. (b) cata3.epay--erLcomposses all of the eheractcristics 2 of lethargy, but is a deeper stage. The subject cam-mot open Ids" eyes. The eyeballz my turn upwards. I.-LI@ eyelids do not quiv-cr. T'iio 3du-,ba feel honvy. His breatliing is slc-.tcr and deeper@ TAI)cre ic inr,@,naitivity to2 -priln and @umicculnr rigi(liL,/ if tliii3 is su.Urrouted. tlotor v@ctivity is iwiibitcl. 1-." tL-c- sixbjnct's arm or leg is pl-aced i-,i n cortaiii pouttion atul i;uef,-@.ations Given tl1z-111- b@-- car)ro-t move the it W-13-1 rcl-.iin i,igirlity until the gsugFlcGtions stntionary or il A 3tste, 7 tllc! frlbject 1-na a bn7.y' nre removed. Af ter nwnlccniii(T, recollection (as in a2 arcom) of some of the '4,liings that wexe said or done,, but cannot remember clearly. A cooperating subject vlio reaches the letliargic state on a first trial can usually br-1, taugli-L 1;o ciit6er the @ntnlcptic stage In 2later session5. pomnamb4ism. This is the deepest state of bLypuo3is and exhibits all of the'aharacteristic3 of the catolcp-"Vic cture. There is extt@aordiriqry iTx--obility. The subject irill 2 not move his limbs or cl=ge- 1-da position of his o,.;n violition. .He can perform acts suggested to him arid anerter quentions without avvlkening. 'w'hen he does awake,, bowevcr,, he has no recouaction of vhat occurred. ]le ctin be made to opo-n his eyes walk about,, and exhibit evr-ry oLo bein4g a-,;.nl:c. In this stntep it is possible -to prod-,ice -Ai3unl hallucin3ticuo as vell as auditory., gustatory and olfactory, onco. Taere is a' at 2conplete insensitivity to pain if anesthesia in attgge3ted; an occasion, surgical opl-ratiorw have been PcTfOrm,--d without CiGn of distr(,os by -the patie&,. in this Gtate Of h@rpnaais. @lany if not all of the pliono-,nciia ascocia'cd lth 2 Indian YE -a (lerivu- from self -li@-pnotisr-i to thi:3 stage b-j It is the Gomnauil)ulistic stag(% that the labomtory figure of 1 success out of 5 in the adult riibjcctz refcro; f',artherrcrc,, 1 out of 5 reaches this stage on the first induction. With trainingp a fair percentage of all willing subjects any be tnught to do Go. VattZ7ally tbore are exceptioiis and unuaua c a a such as viien a atib2@act in the "lethargic" stage irill exhibit some behhvior of the "somnambulistic" stage, or vurious other combinations of hypnotic responses which do not entirely fit tho'cl@6r.Gificatio-,in an V,,Iven. 4, 1ILnws o:C Ilypi-iotis,-n" 2 In considering the use of hypnosis as an oi>eri3tior@al tool., one should bear in mind that the laboratory or stage teclmiqucs described above exist in tlicir prosent versions because thcrc was nei@d for them in those forms. In o-ther uords,, they have no 2 necessary standing apart from the context in which they were developed. They may or mny not be suitable for clsndeatine purposes. On-ibe other band, there-is considerable reason to 7 believe that arlalegaua techniquea could be worked out for clan- 2 destine-use wliich would achieve the same results In co,-rple'tely different 'ways. The experienced inform-Nnt inentioned above given the foalowing "Uwa" or bnsiq rcqiiireilip-nta In a,.IFApting a rictliod of induction: (a) The operator must give. th0n impression of nl)colute confidence in his awn ability. (b) 'llic pro @iould be progressive in cedure psycliolof,-ical intensity. In otlicr zords, the metliod of induction must proceed from simple reactioiis coi,=on to nearly all mankind.. through more complex one2, to 2 T, the-point where the subject finally enters one of the k dcgrees @f tranee. i(c) @rimtever-the procedure,, the conditions and oral suggestiong (which need not,2 of course, ev-er mention the word ")VpnoGis') must be presented to tl;c subject in a manner and fol-in which are ncccptnble and logical to him. 5. Can a Subject be lIZEnotized Agninat His Will? 4 Excepting tho use of drugs, the answer must be "no2" if (4) he widerstands whnt is going on. Eowever, if the qucation can be rewritten to rea(l,, "Can a subject be hypnotized witliout his knowledge?" the answer appears to be "yes' under favorable circumstances: disguised induction and a good subject. Co2nnected-with this questiorx is wliether a li@rpnotizcd subzec-t will do any-thing to viollil.c bin moral codc.. Can a person under ,deep hypnosis I)c made to vi'olate a security ontli or commit riurcli'll or atenl? There is mucli dicar,@.recrr@eiit over tlte nn!3irers to th@,se questions. The usual nnower @s tl)at he will iic@., utiless lie unconscioiialy" wnnts to bresk security, comnit niurder, atcal, etc. See, liowever., "instantanooias" hypnooiii belo-j. But aiil.Tose that vliil--- under lf,,,,pnosis a subject is told thnt -ed one's life to in danger from a inaiiine alid thnt the n IoN only means a rescue is to alio-ot a persondezigmted as the manlac? Three expert 2practitioners (two from uru"rcities and the Agency coiisultant 4iioted above) say that there in na datib@4.. on the 'Sasis pS tlielr eyperience thatta auch circutpstnnc\,s murdfr would be a@tempted. 'Me only requirement is that the 2 be'piii' "in a-:rorm omA mnner acccptable to the rubjlct." proposal Most modern authorities feel that a sub4cat v.13.1 carry out any SuEzestiati which lie can rationa3-ize within the fmricworl,. of his moral code. 2 (Currently., -Uicre in a murder trial wtiicli the ILI L murderer has been judged to have been under hypnosis at the time of the crime. Ee has been retried, relcaactl and the hypnotist tried and convicted. "Lhe case Is no-w under ap-pcal. The conicnt2 of the three knowledg^-able informanto -w-ns ttiat the I-,ypnotist must have been a rank amateur to.have been f<)und out since any experie=cd op-erator would have known how to sugge.-,,L' nimy ilic fact that be had arranged the crime.) II. 2 APPLICATIM OF I-,Trl.70313 I.-LO COVL,RD OPY-MATIONS -d pre-t,-sting and indiaction are ncccssitica Obviously, diaguisc for the use of hypnosis In clondestine opc-rn-liori,,io Witlioiit at lens-'u the of;,cond of tlicf3c I sm urtible to i3ec that nrq co-,rert liypnotic i,,@ciiiiiq@ic is feasible. With tliesc, a numeor of offensive and defensive usea are immediately appnrent nnd otliers @roul(I iin(3oubtcdly euggcat tbemselven in field operaticna. A. DiaM!ii;cd Pre-Teati 2 u Ti-ie"prc-testp' of courgo-, is for suggestibility. I cn r-onceive of n. ver- tccliniclues vrli'lcli ,f clever c$i(,rntor's working out verbal would Induce ulconscious reaqtions in a possible subject; but this would require enormous e4erience and a really impressive degree of skil3.. While this approach cliou3-d not be ignored, it woul(I be a frail foundatioii on wlaieli to erect a PrOFrnm. Rovever, any situntion in which any- kind of intelligerice or psy2chol6'gical test is given can be co=crted rather easily,, witlicut the aubject's knovlefJ(,,e, to a test of suggestibility as well. For example, the Borslzch Test (irilc-blota) and the TI-icmatic Arperccl)tion Test (TAT) bo-aitray lend thcmaelves to dis,-uist--tl Traso pr2e*f--oting, I am Liforwed. Or perhaps the addition of yet anotlier qucstionnnire to those given either in-coming staff emploices or to refugees cczing- into the West could-do the job. B. D% Induction To achieve hyprosis,, tlin- subject must be coaxed,frightened,2 or druggc-d into a trance. Dieguisc-d tL3Bilniques m-@y I)c bascd iipon situations riich as tl)e following: I include the use of drugs, Fnses, nerocolo, etc. in disgulactl in(luction tecliniques. 6 7 --o 1. A @letlicnl Fxnni-nntio'@ Under the giiiae of takin- n blood pronstire-rendine,) the subject mny be coaxed in'to relnnation. Or a blood tea%'. my be used to administer a drug. Or an eye examinatioa to cnuoo 2 thc--,subject to follow the movements of a ti7ay liglit or 'o s'Gare into a flarshlight vblle verbal sueuatio-na are glveii. "lygrnpll RL,.n 2. A P6 I am-'tolo,-..thatadisguised induction based upon an a2daption o-f the normal polygraph procedure would not only be idieal :(because any ciiriounity-'would bg, ooaked up by interest in the lygmph itself)t but has been' oucceogfully tested in a lirdtcd PO Electro-enceEtiOlbry 2 ,raph Tcst Similar to polygraph run* The rubject would logicnll@e accept suggeationo to relax and fouow 'Ulir-, oper@ntor's @,ortl3. Tczt etc. 5* Vitamin InJecti2ona, There arct@also at least tvo methods of "in-stantane u;i induction" vhichlare c=ied out so quickly that they may be used.. if one in quite oure of a oubject's ounceptibilityo on the statiatically good assuniption that the memory o-'L' uliit 1"-I)pe4ned caii be su:Lfcote(I ovny during the trance which ensues. Both methcds require c:cpcrt operators,, liowevrr,, i3inco o,-ic could c,-tuce rind the 19 requires; vust expfricnee, abe lutc nosurnncc, nii(I a Iiip@i (1(-pXce of muoculnr coartlitintion. C. Spccific Op,@,rntioml S 1 til n t -1. c).-i s 1. There is a very mml possibility that h2ypnosis coulfl he34@ iis gain a detailed luiowlcdge of ho-,r the opposition,.Is liandling both their own agento and those of oi.Lr people @110 have been captured and "brain-w-,isl)cd". For n hypnot4t-.c-fl person can recall peA@ events v-lth as2tonishing clarity and detail,, in many cases when he does not realize with his conscious mind that he "reinembera Consequrntly, liypnotio t,--clmiques sl>o-Lild be most uoeful in:interrogationa, whether friendly or hostile,, w-itli or vithzut drugs, assuming that a good subject is being q2uestioned. "Brain-vnohed" people, we should underntand, may not recall consciously evex-ftliing that happened to tlicm. Under liypnc-,in, there is a strong probability that they will do so, particularly 'if age regression is _Dossible. Furthermore,, if hvpuotic tec2hniquc3 were used on t@L-m by the opposition to "brain-T.-ash' and "brain- chaiige" them,, tILin fact msy be learned under hypnosis and a re-conversion achieved through suggestion'. I do not feel that it is completely outside the boundo'of reality that we miglit I)1c able to achieve the "convcrsion" of -a prominent Western coipxuait3t If we could lifive nccef;s to one ,41 io @mF3 ILigiLly siigjcatiblep if we had sufficic-,i't. tiite. 'Llits subject requires cperntional erperime&ation. TI)e j,,oseibilities are not only interesting, they are frirlitcning. A kiiid of'double- think Orvellian world of hypnosis,, while tinli-l,.ely., is iio4ll- utterly faatactic. One tliing is cleari 'we really do not -onged by liypli&sis. kno,@ within ttbat limits "belief" my be cl Based cri.,wlint I Im-,re read, I judge that tho' @@se an elaborate conditioned-reflex procciure in their "br@iii.Lv2':'3'!3hing"', Evea so,, lripnosis rmy be able On the one hand to pre-condition a subject against the pressures or after the fact to licip undo the deTr@ne,,e. Ar)nlaLrus Case -Li One of the foreinost U.S. laboratory experirii,-nters 2 with hypnosis on one occasion (1939) "converted" a campus atheist to a devout believer. The narie orcrator vna on the point of trying a nimilnr experiment in reverse with a divinity student wlicn tbo iinivernity authorities forbade further teet3. Defore tl-ic "convcraion' to religion throiigli h@-pitosia hn(I I)ccn crascrl by nefntive s-tionn, the subject lin(I for over two weeks -ivcl-i every sigii of being a dedicated religious convert. He was restored to his former disbelief. I know2 of no wny of estimating how long the h-ypnoticnlly-imposed orientntion vould have endured; but once implanted. of coilrse,, cir- ,stanceo tended to reinforce it. Given a subject who cun could be,converted at all,, the now orienta2tion mig)2t beco:mc permanent,, the experimenter felt. 2. t, As part of their indoctrina-tion:procedure, CIA staff peri&onrv--l mloit be tested for hypnotic s);,3cc-.ptibility. Acti:ally, it appeara to be easier to lrjpnotizc larcc numbers of people thtnn a ain(7,le subject, for the bco-L oul)jcc-tg F@o "under" quickly tlnd help to conditi-on otli.era @n Llic nudience who mlnit not, an sirlgle subjects, havo been su3ccptible @,o the techniqiie beirw, used. Conditioning against. -brain-wusr,.4.@" la only ona we2 of hypqosio on staff permo-nnel. tlorale and security purpoGc3 might be served as well. It would certainly be of c abl e vulue to:'tlie Ap,,ency to lu@ow wlilch of its parGoTuVI wro highly in any c-nue; for tl-.ese vulnerable peol)le could be quite easil@ protected by a pout-hypnotic suggc'i3tion such as the following: ..";-f orrjronc attempts to liypaoti--e ),au,, to put you under presioure of any ItinLI to E,,iva up :3ecurity dn-Ln, 2 convert you to co=n:lsm., or otherrit3a attempt to persuntle ycu to go against yo= seculrity oath,, you,wiu irmwdintel@y fall into deep coma,, and contiime to do so ogain and agnin as long as the pressuro la mintaincd;" or, '-fc= will to resirt -@rill becolic Greater Liml greater;" etc. While tlicse post-linnotic suggestions could pxvoabl.@r be "broken" if enoug@i time were takenp tbvre is an excellent ch=ce that the subjdct 6,,cxLld be considered too difficult. 2 Am]-opous Cnse_p_ Durinr, World 1.4ar II, otngo li7pnotists @rere cmploy@.d to entortain troops. As onr-, part oA' the proce@--aings, aiidience Ily-plao3in NMO used nad up to f3 Oll't of 3.0 person:-, ware succoesAu-11@r pul', to r3lo-,P-p'. DLi,-:Ing this proccdLi-re,, mornl.e our,, w(!re gi-,ren ver-I succ(,Srfully. tftcr- 7 ,?c3tiono effects wcre noticcnble montlis la*%.cr, in rany cases. covr-r-stories wlitle iirdcr Agents rilglit I)c giv hypnosis and not on-ly learn tlicii faul.tlcgaly, btil belie,,rc., them. Every dctall coul2(I be m-atlc to sink in. rilic conviction alnd a-pparent sincerity with which an individual will defend a fol3e identity giveq afj a post-bjl)iaotic c;tit,@gestion la, nb-,ost unbelievable.- One's tnc--mory for Lletoil under such co,--,rli'tion3 appears tQ be boundless. Analog0vt Cone A CIA Security Office eliployc(* wns liypnotitel nnl gven a false iderwity. Sjie defendctl it hotly, Conying 2 lier triic rnrin- v@il rntionnlizing witli conviction the. poesession of identity carda mnde out to her resal rej-f. iving lind the false iacntity crneed by Later, IL she ;;i!@s nslced if she lind ever heard of the mr,.c rhe lin(I been defendiag as her ovu five minutes before. SLc thougbtj shoolt her head and Gaid, "rmtlz a poeudo if I ever henrd one." Aprarently alie had a true omn^-sia for t'he cnt:Lre episode. IT5rpno@@it; would p@!rmit tlio rccr-uitrebt and banalinr5 of hi F @i-level pol.Lticnl setlon ni3c-iits, In particular, under ideal -coatrol. Convictious 2could be reinforced, political courses suggested, appointments irifluenced--w-itli a really good siibjcct., only the imgination and skiu of the lmndling operator and tiae inherent limitations of b@rpnosis as a techniq.uc would limit -thc! 2 ossibilities. Doublc-a[mnt3 could both be digeoverecl unLI u,,je@-I iiitll riucli hlejicr deace of nse-Liruti@e if hyptiotic control sufricic-ut 4v to pentit rcf,,r(,scion i-rere o- 1 .periitive. Thcy coul.d be gi,,ren t L P-21 fsug gc-stions wlilch would have t(, cforce of true compulsions to tell of npproictie@s rnde, tjirgetr,, I)ricf ljig, true irleiitity, etc.. There is alzo the possibility thnt such persons could be used uddcr a coulrol much 6tronger that any ve noi7 pon3cso. Exarples of this kind could be continuod ralmor@t J@ndc'cinitcly. The sine qua non is hypnotic control. Ilypnoals for clnrulqatine opemtions badi@.n2q*la disguised pre-tests and disguised induction methods. These require operettionally-*riented resunrcli. The difficulty with hypnotic renearcli done in cie(lical, I-nbor,-itory or stage eciatexts is that techniques and results valid priLmrily for therapy or entertainm2ent are obtaincd. O=e acnin we are facc the fnmiliar problom of marrying a oesnz develored for otber I)urporcs r;ccips cl(-er tl-Lit the to the retiitcments of covert@. opcraticns. It only way in vhicti we can make bypnosis into an effecti-ic clnndeatine vespon--nssiiming that this Is pc@osible--will be by testing and ei:i;eri- menting under ficld'conditionb. First, I can cee no application-of hypnooi3 to covert cpcratiouo unless roasombly2 effective tceliiiqucs of disgi,ii.,3cd induction can be workcd out. The usunl lnductioi tectiniquen rcqiiire villing, even enger complinnce by the nubject. Tle requ:LrLtncnt io fo-r a VI-iriety of tccl;tii(lucs built nrciiii(.1 fam3iliar ntcnt rrscruitme:.nt L;itiintl@rjii:,oucli EtG air.,dJ.c,-.%]. exa-minatiov-n, security procedures, ctc. . ... .. ... .... 2y Fncli technique before being acccptit)lr! must n stra-,iF, ner,,,xronce firr.1%. of inducinc, li)-pnoGin, nn(l receii,l of kc.,cpinp, tkic sub@ect unnwure of wlint wus being attempted whetber the at-teu-,pt fails or succeeds. Nhe so pritrzry research requirctiient is for (licgiiised inituc 1-ion rii-- tli'ods . of nature, with or witliotit di-urs. @Jith c2N-@n a fev of these ugan idiich ve could rely, I cnn ace that liy-piiosis "tent pdrt ia certain key operations. could play an impor TI-ie nakt reqiiirenent In 4rder of imrortance appmrs to to be the working out of effcctiva dis ised -.-I)x2-e-tests for sugceptibility. The purpose of there voulrl be to enable us to select or relcct subjects vith assurance. Howeverip this is a desirnble requircuient but not a crucial one if v-e nre Iiighly uiiccc:3Gful with dii3LTtiiacd induction. For if ve bave effectivf2-- dislntir.,od induction we can nf'foxd to x"aik the risk of,atteirpting to :Lntluce li)Tnonia in br-d sub@ectr,--aa lcq-ilr, ns the subject vill not rcoogriize what was attcmpted. Cer+.ainly a prime requ-Lroment is for us to knov wh2at are tli:@ inherent limitaticais of bypnosis as a control uieang. Low fnr is it possible to go in implanting ideas or ctimuli to action? 13@pyotul viiat point does rebellion set in7 To vlint extent can we trust liypnokic oullgestions to I)rodiice Eii@ncsia? An@l a hoc;t of rcl.Atrd quci3tions.. Frnrdcly, I cni-i sce no way of,cl)tniniruy nnrweri; -,iliieh we c;in trust rl-,ort of tryinf.-, our luiowlctlrrc iii ti-uc@ oF,@!i,atictinl oltuatiolls. 7 For ia the laborntory, or with ccnl)lctely and idtting 67;bjccts, took, 2]i how can ve be certnin thst vnlid r iil-t-a are beinri (,-otten? r..o L tr na what conciiisions are r@racl)cd Ja 3ituntloi)t3 ot,'Iicr t.l:;in triil,2, =St gtjll al)ply' tII030 conclusions to knov vbat w@c kllcv- ones ve. ficadqwrters and laboratory research can malse a start,, but the only "r-L operfLLic;ns w-ill 2 convi=ins test or tiic utiuty of hypnosis in co be the prng7,ztic oil,-t. ThL-no assiming that -,m- have bad scr,.)e degree of isiicccoei with tbnee categories of resenz@chj, we obviously must devote serious efforts to wqri out'.counter-mcasuren,,,both to protect ourselvco and to anticipate wlicit tl-,e oppoo-I ticn cay to frusl-rate oiir efforta. It should be reca3.lc-d tl,,at the Fusr;iane at least i3ince I'avlo-v have devoted large resources to work in related fields of pi3yehology. If2 bypuoi3is renll7 bas a potential, we may at thia non@ent be its victims. Tlio defcnei-@-e aspect, -while not eml)bnoized In thiz p.,3per in sn i7r,-,=tant one. Finally, I think a few words u-,unt be said about using hyproi3ia as a cowrt tool Should fux-ther work prove it npplicable. In a concrete VRY) this is conneated with rescarch, for reaenrch as I conceive it in this context renni3 iraginatin-c end critical tel@ting ia field all".untions. I doubt "riously wlic!tlicr any responzible case officer or supcrviror in the field would be -,,ri3.-IAnG to cccpcrate in aii (D,,)c-rni,,Ion dc3iGncd both to furtlier Iiin operational purposes and to pi-oitdc factual field research dc%ta ;Yitlicrit witncsaii-.ig a ;.Icno-nztrntioli of some of the th-in,7s act forth in t'&iis ruU;,_@-,,ijticn, for or -Z -9!- v 2 t n kr,2 rc!@:,TcSGICn* (For TxLt mntterp ncalurc that tile rqnflers of tlil3 eedingly alteptical Of wl'at iG, written ancl n(31L paper will be exc ata incliuc'tl to feel YeA these phenome@na demonstrated.) to see that it As cnly when case officer3 work togetlicr w-itli a proficient h7pnotist on an operation tlmt rcally creative and origin,-il f.ecl'rltques 2 vi3-l be developed'- if at all. l@@,t of the roblem of operationnlly-ori-enting rezearch At least a cn hypnosis, then, appears to be an organizational cne.2 Of th,@.- seve)ml wayi3 of a-pprocichinid solution, the mo3t persuasivc to me derivrs from the fact tl,.at a Gcnior r@eprcaeutativ-- or Li Stztloti Chief 2 is ultimately responsible for operations under bis co=,and, and be lp will be a key figure la determining vhether bypnotic techniques Go"-. a fair slmke or not. 14y distinct impreasion is that field co=arvier3 either will not perulit at all, or reluct2antly cooperate @ritli cri)cratioiL,3 tlint involf-e new, mynterlaue or (to -the u-ninitirtc(l) occult tecialiqucs. Grud&iag cooperalion comnunicates itself to the case officera and tbn e is half lost. 2 but.tl If by tential lix covert operations (nad I feel that prmala has a po we muot pro-m tl-nt it has not, rather thcan th,-- reverse), I b2elieve that'tbe good will nnd open-nitncled cooperatimi of field co=,,mrulcr3 is essential. If tlic-y cnn be per.@itiaded initj.ally that 1-i)Tno,.4ir, Is a -icE2,@ns tbot is worth a cerious nn(I after it gct3 tl-j,.it trinl If tlicy are persua(le(I tlint liy-j,nonig is useful, tllcn it secui3 to me that l9lcn(lqiinrters may be certain "-b-at c;iich la n fnet. Wldle I would lm.,iv,-!nc tlint no'(1 iinicn votil.d ewr be tnkcn to use hypnoois on any large ocnle, it ze(,Inn to follo.4 from the rcnsoning abom that the most-practicexl)le vay c)f liamllinlt vliat2cvcr work iG dcnc ld be'througli ni3sigaing trained hypnotic operators to PCS duty at vlou a very f4.,.? r,.njor field otaticno. A totim of, i;ay, two operatorr@ t a boac with whatever linviot.'ic qualifications accmed lnrlicntc(t @2ra-Lild probably be a mini:i=,, assuming that the first -tt-,ste of. to4chniqi-,cs appear promisiu&.enough to coutinize at all. The chain-of-command, then, would be tl=mgh the field chiefs back to the area divisions at nendqxmrter2a, Witli WI-otcvir functional starfs cc(-,u,4d ren;;oiiobl.c on licadqiini-ters distribution for opcratiaml proposnlj3, rcports and suggestions. If this irznner of bandling rhould be acccl)ted, tlio need for H2eadquarters research will be in the irdtial-working out of diSS-ai3ed pre-tests and induction "thoda, in the otnnCLnrdizntion of wliatc,;-2r tecluiiquci3 are to be tcstbd nna r..odific@d in tl-,f,- fiel(l, in tlle P-rockire- 2 meat-e-nd explmmtcry testiag of drugs whjch Eil-" promise of assisting hypnosis. But I am strongly persuaded that the only effective ,@ay of utilizing vliate,@rr potential hypnoris may hnve-in clnndcatine work will be by separating the operriti=al com7,nad responsibility and2 the Read to Mc to quarters research rc-,spo-o@sibility. The foii-.icr nppt,-.arn belong in operatioml cl)ntmela; vliil.e the latter, hcnrcvcr it,-.portanl-., should not be pem0itted for lack of dixect opcrntio)inl, orientntiozi to delay or ai,ymiy field applicatiorli. LIZ, 27 OF CO@"(,I;l I(,-7j 1. The aura crf ci(le-uh" clinrlat@-inry wliiah envviop3 liypnoal.3 should not blind us to the realities of a re=nrkable PzYcholoGical ilid nore2nti. out of five adillts can tc 2. I\n er.-timte(I One tion. J."Itll the deel>ezt atav- romli.-imbults.-i, on tbe f irat ltiduc disguised pre--Ce2CLtal-AB aqelectias deviccj, a poseible or-a out 02 t;im chocen subjecta may be Put. into trt%nce. Further, dioC;uit3c@d mi3c to provide u3 eitlier Induction techniques, if feadlible, pFo vtth unuittin[r, liypnotize-d subjc-,cto or, should an attctl)t fail, I.eave an iinwi@ting dud beliAnA. If bypnotic control can be established over eny pnrticipant In a clamlestine operation, the operntor will apparently tive an extraotdimr-f de(,,rec of lnfliicncc, a control in order of beyond anything N-L, ev-cr considered fcacible. 4. Scoe of the Induction techniques oripinally devel@oped for -tory, or medicine may be directly stage.9 labo= adapt@Lblc for d2ircuirad use in clngdestine operatims; ltxro or tl-crce are nvuilnble for field tests ricnr (pol:ygrnpli, =--dicnl exnmirmtion, clectro-encepbalograpli., Rc-af--cireli 1.13 @listifiell2 (a) to discovt-r tli(, irilicrt-.nt litlltaticnl; of liypnozli3 an n covc-i.,t opc-,raiion tool, (b) t@.) diofniiiell I)rc- tests (e) to (lieguisetl izirliiclion tocljnlqt.,(@s, nnc1l (,I) to counter-rbenciuc!s. In tl)c apicit)n o-.f the writ(.,r, ro rc,-i,--rircii al@ould be authorited by CIA which is not cTamtioraUy-oricntc-d. TLc moi3t 23 1 '411 renearch accurately sc-clin to practicable method of orient ngn in-mlm cirry-ing it <),it in the fielcl by P-pplyinl ciir c,,irrent led.Ge to actual operations. A modest oprmtional program wiU I)e just2ificd if dirgliincd induction can be Lrde to worl@. conrii3-tently. In outline@ It ' @ild :Lnclude: a* Working out otand=d disL7tdaed in(luction techtxiquca for covert op'w"ationi 'based on the polygraph, the clectro- 2 encepl-sologrtxph and the clectra@-cvxdiarre-ph as a beginn-in.,?,. b. Sell?cting fo-Li; to stiff eciploycc-s vith field experience r-nd uocful lnnglmgc 1-.ncwlcdge P.3 candidatca for ti-ilan2g only in these techaiquca under t@ic directioit of oue pmfessional h-ypmtict (wbo can be n con.,2nilt&nt). c. Applying tL-&,oe techniqtieu In a continuizL,-, serlc3. of test op-o-r-ations nt cne or more field a-titic,.is *.elcctcl cn @@llic banig of a flexibly-miiuled chief dillin,3 in a positi-v-- wu7 to mtpport such an erfort,, the lang=ge abilities of the candioatca, u=bers of lrdtrenoua agents or potential ag@cnts beina poly- -timia dur@.2rlg wliich logically gmpl*d or receiving medical examina an elcetro-cucerhalogrnm or clectro-cnrdi"sgrmm --ould be trlteu. d. Uailig the rilc oo rceson froa tl2is point a followin,7, critcrin a'Aoul(I be nppli(-tll limrcvcr: (a) @lould a propo-ir-,d tcr;", 1),c operrtticni.,illy ui3t-f'u), if it sticeecdc.47 (b) Vlould it contribute to o@ur over--all kiiawledgi o,'L' hyl)notic cciitrol nmi 29 it3 inl)crcnt lir-.itritionn? 1,@oul(I it lirlp in the dcvclor@- Lnerit or proving of n n-lw pre-t,@,tit or infliction't (d) In the event of a failure, irculd tlic'ensuirw, 'flzp" 2 boor-@cx-ang spirmt the CIA either In a seci)xiti or a pre-stik;,@, r eme? (e) Woula It ty--Ip ul to develop or ovnrccr.:-,r-- n cvntcr- mens3ure? 7- l@xtraqrdinary accurity for this I)ro(,,mri is indictitc-il not only becauze =ny &ctors-and lnymen atill disbelieve the recLlit7 of b7pnotic.pLcnamena and the Aacney mioit be r-nde to lr)ok rnti-,cr silly In the pxiblic eye foi, to use li, 2 .,Tn,ools; but alr>o because sure kr@owledge by the olipositioil of vc* were til)Out coiild lend th4@m into effective counter-measures the nature of wliieb we t nov forcuee. We r,.ust constantly recall thnt we nre denling wil@-h sn intricate, (lynnl-dc psycliclogical plicncrienon wliich Eippenrs to 'uc.- Intimately conncctr.-d vith intangibles of interpersonal relzticns. It would be foolish to expect conc;iatent success in a push-buttoii sense* By its nature, howevcr, crae successful alcration in-ml,;inZ 14 4;,:; hypnotic Wliience on-er (ony) a senior official. of a foreiga govern- ld richly reptly us for n CE%-r lorucr cf'fort than arr4-tliln(l, mea cou cot3teMla-tc-d by th2e @rrater of -thin I.-,ipor. V. P T.'C (I T I CT'@-) 1. rut on a dcmcmtraticii of ll,,rpnorts 1;1-'f@cificf,'117 dct;iL'pc'd to shoi _ros@-iblc rll@-dlicntion to covvrt opcrnti(,,n,3. 'flic! follc,.rir.(,, Agency officials sbold initially v-ltm--so it to entisfy ther-,;clvcs POMM@ _17 30 tb atat--t.:i-.zits in this P-apcr Etre Jun V-- 2. Aijthm-ize develovmcnt in detail of tlle field--crient-ed operntional prograva ske-tclq4 nbove. 'O'clect 2 a an ii3i@t'-Iitl tent arc.,n Pn@' a alit@le lndlyiduftl in the operntioruil ciiiiin-oC-cor-mrncl as dimctor of the procratu. Get no a re-npprniacpl dnte Pith@:r oiit,- year fron the 4 the firct tomm orrives in the test n"rca or sooncr if the dircctcr of tLiL- progrn.-a fecl3 'tl-zt the tert ;rogrt).m h--a fniled or ii3 failinr,. ir