Neurable, a consumer neurotechnology startup, has partnered with the Air Force to study whether electrode-studded headphones can track service members' cognitive fitness. The $1.2 million project adds to the Pentagon's growing investment in the $3 billion market for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) " helmets, earbuds, other wearable devices and medical implants that use artificial intelligence to make sense of brain signals. Now, advances in AI enable BCIs to interpret or change brain activity with unprecedented accuracy and speed. So much so that some scientists and neuroethicists say the capacity to monitor signals that reveal a warfighter's or a veteran's mental states, visual perceptions or inner dialogue may outpace the ability to shield that data from misuse. "One could certainly imagine how enforced use of such devices could create a very dystopian basis for behavioral control," warned James Giordano, director of the National Defense University's Center for Disruptive Technology. Some neuroethicists, however, cautioned that the use of brain wearables may also invade troops' privacy and foster prejudice. "We need to be much more reflective on, much more concerned about and much more focused on the implications of altering a person's brainwaves," through neurofeedback training, "as compared to having them work out more or do more pull-ups," said Jared Genser, a lawyer and co-founder of the Neurorights Foundation.