Human rights campaigners have prepared a federal lawsuit aiming to permanently shut down the bulk collection of billions of US phone records - not, this time, by the National Security Agency, but by the Drug Enforcement Agency. The program ... served as a template for the NSA's gigantic and ongoing bulk surveillance of US phone data after 9/11. The revelation of mass phone-records collection in the so-called war on drugs" raises new questions about whether the Obama administration or its successors believe US security agencies continue to have legal leeway for warrantless bulk surveillance on American citizens. Starting in 1992, the so-called "USTO" effort operated without judicial approval, despite the US constitution's warrant requirement. Attorney general Eric Holder ended USTO in September 2013 out of fear of scandal following Snowden's disclosures. While Snowden did not expose USTO, several NSA programs he has exposed referenced the DEA as an NSA partner, giving the DEA another secret pathway to massive amounts of US communications records. The warrantless bulk records collection provides prosecutors the ability to enter into evidence incriminating material that could otherwise be thrown out of court, [and] has not stopped the upward growth of domestic narcotics consumption.